1. Examples of capital expenditure models

2. Overview 2 Capex models developed and used by a number of regulators internationally Most commonly used as part of the price setting process Number of ways in which they are developed and applied Set Capex allowance directly Used to set a threshold for further review In both cases usually applied alongside technical (engineering) advice Can also be used to simply assess forecasts In the NZ context summary and analysis

3. Choice of techniques 3 Usually expenditure disaggregated Load related (ie System growth and Consumer connection) Non Load related (Asset replacement & renewal + other) This is broadly consistent with the approach proposed by the Commission Type of modelling and analytical technique depends on a number of factors Materiality of the expenditure Data availability and quality Ability to benchmark Resources and time available to the regulator Previous approaches (ie at past resets) Maturity of the regime

4. Example of general techniques 4 Simple high-level models like run rate analysis Diversions or 11 kV network reinforcement Any steady recurring expenditure Simple forecast volume * unit cost LV customer connections (volume forecast via population growth, unit cost based on historical cost (specific supplier or industry average) Bespoke models for high value activities Asset replacement & renewal (usually age based survivor models) System growth (capacity models) Tuned to historic expenditure and volumes Can make use of benchmarking

5. Has been used by both AER (Australia) and Ofgem (UK) when forecasting asset replacement & renewal Age based model but not as simple as a ‘birthday model’ To account for variations in lives, a probabilistic asset replacement life is used Age based survivor model 5 Probabilistic model X Asset state volume of assets survived to age - a Volume replaced Forecast Capex asset life replacement unit cost (probability distribution)

6. Age based survivor model 6