1. JUDITH M. WILKINSON LESLIE S. TREAS KAREN BARNETT MABLE H. SMITH FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Chapter 36: Oxygenation

2. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Oxygenation Oxygen Atomic number: 8 Atomic mass: 16

3. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Pulmonary System Airways and lungs Ventilation – Movement of air into/out of the lungs Respiration – Exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide – Alveolar capillary/capillary cell membrane

4. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Factors That Influence Pulmonary Function Life span and development (e.g., respiratory distress syndrome, upper respiratory infections [URIs], adolescent smoking, cardiac insufficiency) Environment (e.g., stress, allergies) Lifestyle (e.g., nutrition, exercise, substance abuse) Medications Smoking

5. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Factors That Influence Pulmonary Function (cont’d) Pulmonary system abnormalities (structure, airway inflammation/obstruction, alveolar-capillary membrane disorder, atelectasis) Pulmonary circulation abnormalities Central nervous system abnormalities Neuromuscular abnormalities

6. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Assessing Oxygenation Status Physical examination Breathing pattern Respiratory effort Pulse oximetry Using inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation

7. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Assessing Oxygenation Status Diagnostic testing Arterial blood gases (ABGs) – PO 2, PCO 2 Peak flow monitoring

8. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Interventions for Optimal Oxygenation Use of a mechanical ventilator Use of chest tube drainage systems Administering respiratory medications

9. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Interventions for Optimal Oxygenation (cont’d) Promoting respiratory function Immunizations/prevent URIs Positioning: maximum lung excursion Incentive spirometry Aspiration precautions

10. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Interventions for Optimal Oxygenation (cont’d) Mobilizing secretions – Deep breathing and coughing – Hydration – Chest physiotherapy Oxygen therapy – Cannula – Mask – Transtracheal catheter

11. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Interventions for Optimal Oxygenation (cont’d) Using artificial airways – Oropharyngeal – Nasopharyngeal – Endotracheal tubes – Tracheostomy tube Artificial airway patency – Suctioning

12. Copyright © 2016 F.A. Davis Company Think Like a Nurse Ms. Saunders (Meet Your Patients) has adequate blood oxygen levels based on a pulse oximeter reading of 98%. Can you conclude that organ and tissue oxygenation are adequate? Explain your thinking.