1. MUSCLES of the lower limb

2. Muscles in front of thigh Sartorius (running lateral to medial) Tensor fascia latae (lateral margin of thigh) Between the above 2 is quadriceps femoris Quadriceps femoris=rectus femoris + vasti lateralis, medialis & intermedius Medial to upper part of sartorius is seen, Laterally Iliacus Medially Psoas major Muscles in medial ( adductor) compartment of thigh Gracilis Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus

5. Muscles of gluteal region Gluteus maximus, medius, & minimus Piriformis Obturator internus & externus Superior & inferior gamelli Quadratus femoris Muscles of back of thigh ( hamstring muscles ) Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris

9. Muscles of anterior compartment of leg Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum brevis Peroneus tertius Muscles of lateral compartment of leg Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Muscles of back of leg ( calf muscles) Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior

13. FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS

15. Femoral triangle a triangular fascial space in superoanterior third of thigh Bounded by Inguinal ligament (superiorly) as base Adductor longus medially Sartorius laterally Apex by meeting point of lateral & medial borders Floor from lateral to medial by iliopsoas Roof by skin, superficial fascia, fascia lata Cribriform fascia Contents Femoral nerve & its branches Femoral sheath & its contents Femoral artery & its branches Femoral vein & its tributaries

17. Adductor canal A narrow fascial tunnel in thigh Runs from apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus Located deep to middle third of sartorius Bounded by Anterolaterally by vastus medialis Posteriorly adductor longus & magnus Medially by sartorius Contents Femoral artery & vein Saphenous nerve Nerve to vastus medialis

20. Sartorius – Origin - anterior superior iliac spine Insertion - upper medial surface of tibia, Nerve - femoral nerve; Action - flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh; flexes & medially rotates leg Iliacus – Origin - iliac fossa Insertion - with psoas into the lesser trochanter of femur Nerve - femoral nerve Action - flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh is fixed, it flexes the trunk onto the thigh as in sitting up

21. Psoas – Origin - 12 th thoracic body; transverse process, bodies & intervertebral discs of the 5 lumbar vertebrae Inserted - lesser trochanter of femur along with iliacus; Nerve - lumbar plexus Action - flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh fixed, it flexes trunk onto thigh as in sitting up

22. Quadriceps femoris – Rectus femoris Origin - straight head from anterior inferior iliac spine; reflected head from ilium above acetabulum. Insertion - Quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon. Nerve - femoral nerve. Action - extension of leg. Vastus lateralis Origin - upper end and shaft of femur, Insertion - quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon. Nerve - femoral nerve. Action - extension of leg.

23. Vastus medialis- Origin - upper end and shaft of femur, Insertion - quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon, Nerve - femoral nerve Action - extension of leg quadriceps femoris, Vastus intermedius – Origin - shaft of femur Insertion - quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon Nerve - femoral nerve, Action - extension of leg

26. Gracilis – Origin - inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium Insertion - upper part of shaft of tibia on medial surface. Nerve - obturator nerve. Action - adducts thigh and flexes leg. Adductor longus Origin - body of pubis; Insertion - posterior surface of shaft of femur Nerve - obturator nerve Action - adducts thigh; assists in lateral rotation. Adductor brevis Origin - inferior ramus of pubis; Insertion - posterior surface of shaft of femur, Nerve - obturator nerve Action - adducts thigh; assists in lateral rotation

27. Pectineus – Origin - superior ramus of pubis Insertion - upper end shaft of femur. Nerve - femoral nerve. Action - flexes and adducts thigh. Adductor magnus Origin - inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium, ischial tuberosity Insertion - posterior surface of shaft of femur near linea aspera & adductor tubercle of femur. Nerve - obturator nerve; tibial nerve to hamstring part Action - adducts thigh and assists in lateral rotation; hamstring part extends thigh

28. MUSCLES OF GLUTEAL REGION

29. Gluteus maximus – Origin - outer surface of ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament. Insertion - iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur. Nerve - inferior gluteal nerve. Action - extends & laterally rotates thigh; through iliotibial tract, it extends knee joint Gluteus medius – Origin - outer surface of ilium. Insertion - greater trochanter of femur, Nerve- superior gluteal nerve. Action - abducts thigh. Tilts pelvis when walking.

30. Gluteus minimus – Origin - outer surface of ilium. Insertion - greater trochanter of femur, Nerve - superior gluteal nerve. Actions - abduct thigh; anterior fibers medially rotate thigh.

33. Tensor fasciae latae – Origin - iliac crest, Insertion – iliotibial tract, Nerve - superior gluteal nerve, Action - assists gluteus major in locking the knee into full extension Piriformis – Origin - anterior surface of sacrum, Insertion – greater trochanteric fossa, Nerve -1st & 2nd sacral nerves, Action -lateral rotator of thigh Superior gemellus – Origin - spine of ischium, Insertion – greater trochanteric fossa, Nerve - Sacral plexus,( Nr to Obt.internus) Action - lateral rotator of thigh

34. Obturator internus – Origin - inner surface of obturator membrane, Insertion - greater trochanteric fossa, Nerve - sacral plexus (Nr to Obt internus) Action lateral rotator of thigh Inferior gemellus – Origin - ischial tuberosity, Insertion - greater trochanteric fossa, Nerve - sacral plexus ( Nr to Q. femoris) Action - lateral rotator of thigh

35. Obturator externus Origin - outer surface of obturator membrane, Insertion - greater trochanteric fossa of femur, Nerve - obturator nerve, (post div) Action - lateral rotator of thigh Quadratus femoris Origin – outer border of ischial tuberosity Insertion – quadrate tubercle Nerve – nerve to quadratus femoris Action – lateral rotators

37. Biceps femoris Origin - long head from ischial tuberosity; short head from shaft of femur Insertion - head of fibula Nerve - long head:tibial; short head: common peroneal Action - flexes and laterally rotates leg; long head extends thigh Semitendinosus Origin - ischial tuberosity Insertion - upper part medial surface of shaft of tibia, Nerve - tibial nerve Action - flexes and medially rotates leg; extends thigh

38. Semimembranosus Origin - ischial tuberosity Insertion - medial condyle of tibia; forms oblique popliteal ligament, Nerve - tibial nerve Action -flexes and medially rotates leg; extends thigh Adductor magnus Origin - (hamstring part)ischial tuberosity Insertion - adductor tubercle of femur. Nerve - tibial nerve Actions - extends thigh

39. Tibialis anterior Origin- shaft of tibia and interosseous membrane Insertion - medial cuneiform & base of first metatarsal deep peroneal nerve Action - extends the foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints; supports medial longitudinal arch Extensor digitorum Origin - shaft of fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion - extensor expansion of lateral four toes deep peroneal nerve Action - extends toes; dorsiflexes (extends) foot

40. Peroneus tertius Origin - shaft of fibula & interosseous membrane Insertion - base of 5th metatarsal bone deep peroneal nerve Action - dorsiflexes (extends) foot; everts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints Extensor hallucis longus Origin - shaft of fibula & interosseous membrane Insertion - base of distal phalanx of big toe deep peroneal nerve Action - extends big toe; dorsiflexes (extends) foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints

41. Peroneus longus Origin - shaft of fibula Insertion - base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform superficial peroneal nerve Action - plantar flexes foot; everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints; supports lateral longitudinal and transverse arches of foot Peroneus brevis Origin - shaft of fibula Insertion - base of 5th metatarsal bone superficial peroneal nerve Action - plantar flexes foot; everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints; supports lateral longitudinal arch

42. Gastrocnemius Origin - medial and lateral condyles of femur Insertion - by way of Achilles tendon to calcaneum tibial nerve plantar flexes foot; flexes leg Plantaris Origin - lateral supracondylar ridge of femur Insertion - calcaneum tibial nerve Action - plantar flexes foot; flexes leg Soleus Orgin - shafts of tibia and fibula Insertion - by way of achilles tendon into calcaneum tibial nerve Action - with gastrocnemius & plantar is is powerful plantar flexor of foot; provides main propulsive force in walking & running

43. Popliteus Origin - lateral condyle of femur Insertion - shaft of tibia tibial nerve Action - flexes leg; unlocks full extension of knee by laterally rotating femur on tibia Flexor digitorum longus Origin - shaft of tibia Insertion - distal phalanges of lateral four toes tibial nerve Action - flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes; plantar flexes foot; supports medial and lateral longitudinal arches of foot Flexor hallucis longus Origin - shaft of fibula Insertion - base of distal phalanx of big toe tibial nerve Action -flexes distal phalanx of big toe; plantar flexes foot; supports medial longitudinal arch

44. Tibialis posterior Origin - shafts of tibia and fibula & interosseous membrane Insertion - tuberosity of navicular bone tibial nerve Action - plantar flexes foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

45. Extensor digitorum brevis Origin - calcaneum by four tendons Insertion - into the proximal phalanx of big toe and long extensor tendons to 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes deep peroneal nerve Action - extends toes

46. Abductor hallucis Origin - medial tubercle of calcaneum; flexor retinaculum Insertion- medial side, base of proximal phalanx of big toe medial plantar nerve Action - flexes, abducts big toe; supports medial arch Flexor digitorum brevis Orgin -medial tubercle of calcaneum Isertion - middle phalanx of four lateral toes medial plantar nerve Action - flexes lateral four toes; supports medial & lateral longitudinal arches Abductor digiti minimi Orgin - medial & lateral tubercles of calcaneum Insertion - lateral side base of proximal phalanx 5th toe lateral plantar nerve Action - flexes, abducts 5th toe; supports lateral longitudinal arch

47. Flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae) Origin - medial and lateral sides of calcaneum Insertion - tendons flexor digitorum longus lateral plantar nerve Action – straightens the pull of long flexors, flexes toe along long tendon Flexor digitorum longus Origin - shaft of tibia below soleal line Insertion - base of distal phalanx of lateral four toes tibial nerve Action - flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes; plantar flexes foot maintain medial longitudinal arch.

48. Lumbricals Origin - tendons of flexor digitorum longus Insertion - dorsal extensor expansion of lateral four toes 1st lumbrical from medial plantar; remainder lumbricals from deep branch of lateral plantar nerve Action - extends toes at interphalangeal joints Flexor hallucis longus Origin - shaft of fibula Insertion - base of distal phalanx of big toe tibial nerve Action - flexes distal phalanx of big toe; plantar flexes foot; supports medial longitudinal arch

49. Flexor hallucis brevis Origin - cuboid, lateral cuneiform bones; tibialis posterior Insertion - medial & lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of big toe medial plantar nerve Action - flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe; supports medial longitudinal arch Adductor hallucis (oblique head) Orgin- bases of 2nd, 3rd & 4th metatarsal bones Insertion - lateral side base of proximal phalanx big toe deep branch of lateral plantar Action - flexes big toe, supports transverse arch

50. Adductor hallucis (transverse head) Orgin - plantar ligaments Insertion - lateral side of base of proximal phalanx big toe deep branch of lateral plantar nerve Action - flexes big toe; supports transverse arch Flexor digiti minimi brevis Origin - base of 5th metatarsal bone Insertion - lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe superior branch of lateral plantar nerve Action - flexes little toe

51. Dorsal interossei (4) Origin - adjacent sides of metatarsal bones Insertion - bases of phalanges and dorsal expansion of corresponding toes lateral plantar nerve abduct toes with 2nd toe as the reference; flex metatarso phalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joint Plantar interossei (3) Orgin - 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsal bones Insertion - bases of phalanges & dorsal expansion of corresponding toes lateral plantar nerve Action - adduct toes with 2nd toe as reference; flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal

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