1. Review  Xylem and Phloem are the tube systems of vascular plants that help move water, nutrients and sugars

2. Review Xylem conduct water and nutrients Phloem conducts sugars

3. Review What are the 3 forces that move water up from the ground?

4. Review 1. Capillary Action 2. Root Pressure 3. Transpiration

5. Review What are the reproductive structures that helped land plants adapt to life on land?

6. Seeds When the sperm meets the egg, an embryo is formed. The seed provides a protective coating over the embryo to keep it from drying out.

7. Pollen Grain The male reproductive structure of plants. Contains sperm. Carried by wind or animals to the female gametophyte How does this help these plants to be more independent from water?

8. Pollen Grain Plants that are dependent on water have sperm that swim to the egg. The pollen allows reproduction without water.

9. Fruits and Flowers Fruits and Flowers attract pollinators and fruit- eating animals. How does this help plants to become more independent from water?

10. Plant Reproduction Trends: Alternation of Generation April 6 th 2016

11. Learning Objectives  Define Alternation of Generation  Describe the evolutionary trends of plant reproduction Group Projects  Identify the Gametophyte and Sporophyte stages of your organism

12. Alternation of Generation  Both an asexual to sexual life cycle in one complete cycle.  Both haploid (N) and diploid (2N) stages

14. Sporophyte  Sporophyte: the multicellular diploid (2N) stage of a plant’s life cycle  Produces spores via meiosis  Spores are haploid  Spores will then develop into gametophytes

15. Sporophyte  Why make spores in the first place? Spores are made for dispersal. What would happen if plants never dispersed?

16. Gametophyte  Gametophyte: the multicellular diploid (N) stage of a plant’s life cycle  Produces gametes (N) – egg and sperm cells Egg and sperm cells will then meet to make the zygote (2N)

17. Sporophyte  Why make gametes? For sexual reproduction. To create new combinations of genes that might be better suited for the environment.

18. Sporophyte  Sporophyte: the multicellular diploid (2N) stage of a plant’s life cycle

22. Life on Land vs. Life in Water When doing your projects, think about 1) Where’s the sporophyte and gametophyte stage? 2) Are each of the stages haploid or diploid?

23. Evolutionary Trend of Plant Reproduction  In algae and lower plants (mosses and ferns) the gametophyte stages are apparent  In higher plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) the gametophyte stage is reduced to the pollen and ovule