1. Geography: Early Settlements along coastline/rivers (fertile soil, transportation and trade) Appalachian Mountains were Western border of colonies (Proclamation of 1763) Oceans helped US maintain foreign policy of neutrality for 18 th, 19 th, early 20 th centuries North/New England: harbors, rocky soil, forests, short growing season – fishing, trade, manufacturing

2. (Geography con’t) Middle Colonies: corn/wheat – bread basket South: fertile soil, long growing season – cash crops (tobacco/cotton) – plantations - slavery Great Plains: (after industrial revolution) food – family farms … dust bowl Manifest Destiny: Mexican War … addition of territories leads to Slavery question

3. Influential/Key People: Thomas Paine: Common Sense Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Indpdnce John Marshall: Expanded Fed Govt Andrew Jackson: Indian Removal, Bank Jacksonian Democracy Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin (other abolitionists) Upton Sinclair: The Jungle (other Muckrakers) (other Muckrakers) Teddy Roosevelt: Imperialism, Trust- busting, Conservation

4. Influential/Key People: Big Businessmen Progressive Reformers (Muckrakers/others) Woodrow Wilson: WWI, 14 Points Henry Ford: Assembly Line FDR: extension of government, court packing, two-term limit, GD, WWII Truman: Dropping Bomb, Containment Integration of military Johnson: War on Poverty, Vietnam Nixon: Watergate, Vietnamization, Détente

5. Influential/Key People: Civil Rights Movement leaders Reagan: Reaganomics, SDI, Iran-Contra GW Bush: Election of 2000, Iraq War and War on Terror (9/11, DHS, PATRIOT Act) Obama: Election of 2008, Great Recession (TARP), continues Bush’s wars

6. Key ideas of Constitution: FEAR of STRONG central government Federalism Separation of Powers, Checks & Balances Federal Supremacy Flexibility: Amendments, Elastic Clause, Judicial Review Judicial Review Unwritten Constitution (political parties, cabinet, lobbying, judicial review, 2 term*) cabinet, lobbying, judicial review, 2 term*) Representation, Electoral College

7. Important Amendments: Bill of Rights 13 th, 14 th, 15 th 18 th, 21 st 22 nd 24 th 26 th

8. Events that fulfill multiple themes: Louisiana Purchase: territorial acquisition, geography (Mississippi River, Port of New Orleans, Lewis and Clark), controversy, strict/loose construction, Presidential actions/decisions Indian Removal Act: geography, controversial issues, Presidential actions/ decisions, Supreme Court cases (Worcester v. Georgia), checks and balances, Gov’t actions limiting civil rights, Federalism

9. Events that fulfill multiple themes: Brown v. Board of Ed: turning point, Supreme Court cases, Individuals (Thurgood Marshall), Civil Rights (Reform), Flexibility of Constitution (Judicial Review; Overturning Plessy) Civil War: turning point, Civil Rights, Constitutional Issues, Geography, Constitutional Amendments, Presidential actions/decisions, limitations on civil liberties

10. Events that fulfill multiple themes: Cold War: Changing Foreign Policy, Role Atomic Power, Civil Liberties restrictions, lncreased spending on defense (decreasing on domestic side), Presidential actions/ decisions, Geography (domino theory) Technology: turning point, influence/role of media technology elections/movements/wars, effects on American society (car, suburbs, hwys, entertainment, nuclear power), Presidential actions/decisions (bomb), civil liberties vs. national security