1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College—North Harris 8 The Appendicular Skeleton

2. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes  The limbs  The pectoral and pelvic girdles

3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-1 The Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Bones that make up upper and lower extremities Bones that make up pectoral and pelvic girdles

4. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 8-1 The Pectoral Girdle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fg_SMdPMn-s The Pectoral Girdle is also called the shoulder girdle Connects the arms to the body Positions the shoulders Provides a base for arm movement Each pectoral girdle consists of: Clavicle Scapulae

5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Clavicles (collarbones) Long, S-shaped bones Articulate with: -Scapula laterally: at acromion process- acromioclavicular joint - Sternum medially : at manubrium- sternoclavicular joint. Hold the scapulae and arms in place & provide attachment for muscles Fractures easily

6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Scapulae (Shoulder blades) Broad, thin, flat triangular bones Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between ribs 2–7 Articulate with:  Humerus (Arm): glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint )  Clavicle (collarbone): acromioclavicular joint

7. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.23a Acromio- clavicular joint Scapula (a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle showing the relationship to bones of the thorax and sternum Clavicle Glenohumeral joint

8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Scapula- Anterior: Body: Flat triangular surface of the scapula with superior, medial and lateral border Corners of triangle are superior, inferior & lateral angle Superior border Superior angle Lateral angle Lateral border Body Inferior angle Anterior view Medial border

9. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Glenoid cavity: articulates with humerus to form shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) Acromion The larger process that extends laterally on posterior side Articulates with the distal end of the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint Coracoid process The smaller process on the anterior side Site for muscle attachment Subscapular fossa – depression in anterior surface where the subscapularis muscle is attached

10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Superior angle Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Lateral border Body Inferior angle Anterior view Medial border

11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior angle Acromion Supraspinous fossa Superior border Coracoid process Neck Spine Infraspinous fossa Body Medial border Lateral border Posterior view Scapular spine is a ridge across posterior surface of the body. Divides the scapula into the Supraspinous fossa: depression superior to scapular spine Infraspinous fossa: depression inferior to scapular spine

12. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 8-2 The Upper Limbs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ln-KI-jD1b0 Humerus (brachium or arm) Radius & Ulna (Forearm) Carpals (wrist) Metacarpals (hand) Phalanges (fingers and thumb)

13. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Head Shaft Anterior surface The Humerus (arm, brachium)  The long, upper arm bone Head articulates with glenoid cavity of Scapula

14. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Head Shaft Anterior surface The Humerus Greater tubercle larger bony projection for muscle attachment Lesser tubercle smaller projection, muscle attachment Intertubercular groove (sulcus) groove between greater and lesser tubercles for tendon of biceps brachii muscle Deltoid tuberosity – a large rough elevation where deltoid muscle attaches Found on middle of shaft

15. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior and posterior views of right humerus Anterior view Greater tubercle Intertubercular groove Shaft Lesser tubercle Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Posterior view Greater tubercle Head

16. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Anterior surface Lateral epicondyle Condyle Capitulum Trochlea Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Condyle: Capitulum & Trochlea  Capitulum: Rounded structure on distal humerus (lateral);articulates with radius  Trochlea: Spool-shaped medial portion of condyle; Articulation point for Ulna Medial and lateral epicondyles: projections on the distal humerus; attachment points for muscles of the forearm. Coronoid fossa: accommodates the coronoid process of ulna when forearm is flexed Humerus: Distal End

17. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Greater tubercle Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Lateral epicondyle Posterior surface Olecranon fossa: posterior fossa that receives the olecranon process of the ulna when forearm is extended

18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Forearm consists of two long bones 1.Ulna (longer, medial bone in anatomical position) 2.Radius (shorter, lateral bone in anatomical position) Interosseous membrane: Dense regular connective tissue sheet connecting shafts of ulna and radius

19. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna Radial head Neck of radius Radial tuberosity RADIUS Interosseous membrane Styloid process of radius Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity ULNA Distal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head Anterior view

20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Ulna Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage Plays little to no role in hand movement

21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Ulna: Articulations with the humerus Trochlear notch: Deep C-shaped structure of ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus at elbow joint  Olecranon is the prominent superior end of the trochlear notch-Point of elbow Coronoid process forms the inferior lip of trochlear notch

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23. The Ulna: Articulations with the humerus  When Forearm is extended  Olecranon of Ulna enters olecranon fossa of Humerus  When Forearm is flexed  Coronoid process enters coronoid fossa of Humerus

24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronoid fossa

25. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Ulna: Other articulations Distal side: Prominent styloid process Attaches to articular disc which separates ulna from carpal bones

26. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Radius Lateral bone of forearm Disk-shaped radial head articulates with capitulum of humerus Radial tuberosity-medial surface, below the neck that attaches to a tendon of biceps brachii muscle Radius contributes heavily to the wrist joint Distal radius articulates with carpal bones When radius moves, the hand moves with it Styloid process-stabilizes wrist joint

27. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Humerus Medial epicondyle Trochlea Capitulum Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch of ulna Head of radius Elbow joint, anterior view

28. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna Radial head Radial tuberosity RADIUS Interosseous membrane Styloid process of radius Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity ULNA Distal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head Anterior view

29. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Carpals—wrist Eight bones in each hand Metacarpals—palm Five per hand Phalanges—fingers and thumb Fourteen phalanges in each hand Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges

30. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Eight short bones in each wrist arranged in two rows Four proximal carpal bones -- Scaphoid (boat-like), Lunate (crescent moon), Triquetrum (with 3 articular surfaces), Pisiform (pea-shaped) Four distal carpal bones -- Trapezium (four-sided), Trapezoid (four-side), Capitate (with rounded projection), Hamate (with hook-shaped projection) Capitate is the largest “She likes to play, try to catch her” Allow wrist to bend and twist Carpal (Wrist) Bones

31. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ULNA Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Posterior view V IV III II I RADIUS Lunate Scaphold Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Middle phalanx “Sally left the party to take Carmen home”

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33. Five per hand Long bones Numbered by Roman numerals I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges Metacarpal (Palm) Bones

34. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges (fingers) Distal Middle Proximal Metacarpals (palm) Carpals (wrist) Hamate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Ulna Radius Capitate Scaphoid Trapezoid Trapezium 1 2 3 4 5

35. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges : Finger bones 14 total finger bones per hand Fingers have three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) Pollex (thumb) has only two phalanges (proximal, distal) Phalanges (Fingers) Bones

36. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-6b Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand ULNA Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Posterior view V IV III II I RADIUS Lunate Scaphold Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Pollex

37. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 8-3 The Pelvic Girdle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVs0B8cruj0 The Pelvic Girdle is made up of two coxal bones only (hip bones or pelvic bones) Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement Articulate with each other and sacrum to form a ring. Forms part of the pelvis (pelvic girdle + sacrum and coccyx)

38. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Coxal bones Made up of three fused bones Fuse between ages 13-15 years 1.Ilium (articulates with sacrum) 2.Ischium 3.Pubis The acetabulum (hip socket) is located on the lateral surface of each coxal bone Meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface)

39. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.22 1 1 Sacrum Coccyx Hip Bone Ilium Pubis Ischium Pelvic bones

40. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pubis Pubic symphysis Where the 2 pubis bones articulate Padded with fibrocartilage Superior to the pubic arch Obturator foramen Attaches hip muscles and allows passage of obturator nerve

41. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.22 1 1 Pelvic bone markings Sacro-iliac joint Sacrum Anterior view Pubic symphysis Ischium Obturator foramen Pubic tubercle Acetabulum Ilium Iliac fossa Iliac crest L5L5

42. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pelvis Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx The two coxal bones articulate with the sacrum at the Sacroiliac joint Union between axial and appendicular skeleton The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protection of reproductive organs, urinary bladder and part of the large intestine Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

43. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male SACRUM COCCYX ILIUM PUBIS ISCHIUM Hip bone (Figure 8–7) Iliac crest L5L5 SACRUM Arcuate line Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Pubic symphysis ILIUM PUBIS ISCHIUM Anterior view

44. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis  Pelvis has modifications for childbearing Male: Larger, heavier, deep Smaller pelvic outlet Pubic arch less than 90 degrees (V-shaped) Larger acetabulum Narrow, long and curved sacrum and coccyx Coccyx points anteriorly Female: Shallow, lighter Enlarged pelvic outlet Wider, oval pelvic inlet Pubic arch greater than 100 degrees (more rounded, U-shaped) Smaller acetabulum Wide, short and less curved sacrum and coccyx Coccyx points inferiorly

45. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-10 Anatomical Differences between a Male and Female Pelvis 90° 100° or less or more Female Male

46. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 8-4 The Lower Limbs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvoatQy8xd0 Functions of the Lower Limbs Weight bearing Motion Note: thigh = upper leg leg = lower leg

47. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes)

48. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Femur (Thigh) Largest, Longest and heaviest bone in body Articulates with hip bone, patella and tibia Femoral head – articulates with pelvis at acetabulum Greater trochanter-(larger, lateral) and lesser trochanter (smaller, medial) large, rough projections for tendon attachments Linea aspera - on the shaft; attachment site for hip muscles Gluteal tuberosity- found at the upper end of linea aspera rough attachment site for gluteus maximus muscle

49. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-11 Bone Markings on the Right Femur Neck Greater trochanter Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Anterior surface Femoral head Lesser trochanter Shaft Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Neck Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Posterior surface Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle

50. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Femur: The distal end  Medial condyle and lateral condyle - Form part of knee joint - Separated by a deep intercondylar fossa (posteriorly) and a smooth patellar surface (anteriorly)  Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle - Smooth rounded projections found above the knee joint Intercondylar fossa -Posterior surface of femur between condyles Patellar surface - Anterior surface of femur; smooth surface for patella to glide over

51. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-11 Bone Markings on the Right Femur Neck Greater trochanter Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Anterior surface Femoral head Lesser trochanter Shaft Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Neck Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Posterior surface Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle

52. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Patella Also called the kneecap A large triangular sesamoid bone Imbedded in the quadriceps femoris tendon Protects the knee anteriorly Articulates with both the medial and lateral condyle of femur: Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee Figure 8-12c The Right Patella (a, b) and Patella with Femur (c) Inferior view of right femur and patella Medial condyle of femur Patella Lateral condyle of femur Articular surface of patella Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur

53. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Tibia Also called the shinbone Supports body weight Larger than fibula Medial to fibula

54. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Tibia Medial and lateral tibial condyles: Articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur  Tibial tuberosity: Prominent, rough for attachment of patellar ligament- located anteriorly  Medial malleolus: Medial bony projection at the ankle- provides medial stability to ankle joint  Interosseous membrane: Binds fibula to tibia, helps stabilize bone positions; additional surface area for muscle attachment

55. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-13a The Right Tibia and Fibula Medial tibial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane TIBIA FIBULA Medial malleolus (tibia) Inferior articular surface Anterior view Lateral malleolus (fibula) Superior tibiofibular joint Head of fibula Lateral tibial condyle

56. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Fibula Smaller than tibia Lateral to tibia Does not participate in knee joint; does not bear weight Attachment site for muscles moving foot and toes Head of fibula articulates with tibia at superior tibiofibular joint Fibula articulates with fibular notch of tibia at inferior tibiofibular joint Lateral malleolus, at distal tip-provides lateral stability to ankle

57. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-13b The Right Tibia and Fibula Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Medial malleolus (tibia) FIBULA TIBIA Inferior tibiofibular joint Lateral malleolus (fibula) Posterior view Articular surface of lateral tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane

58. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Ankle (tarsus) Ankle has seven short tarsal bones Talus articulates with tibia - Carries weight from tibia across trochlea Calcaneus (heel bone) - Largest of the tarsal bones - Transfers weight from talus to ground - Connects to calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) Navicular (boat-shaped) Cuboid Three cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, lateral)

59. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Hallux Medial Intermediate Lateral Cuneiform bones Cuboid Talus Navicular V IV III II I Metatarsal bones Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Superior view, right foot Distal Middle Proximal Phalanges

60. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Metatarsal Bones of the Foot Five long bones of foot form the sole of the foot Numbered by Roman numerals I–V, medial to lateral Articulate with toes

61. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges of the Foot Phalanges 14 long bones of the toes form the toes Hallux Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal) Other four toes Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)

62. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Hallux Medial Intermediate Lateral Cuneiform bones Cuboid Talus Navicular V IV III II I Metatarsal bones Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Superior view, right foot Distal Middle Proximal Phalanges

63. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Arches of the Feet Present at birth Support the body’s weight Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to another  Shape maintained by foot bones Held in place by tendons and ligaments Function as a spring and provide leverage when walking, protects blood vessels and nerves of sole

64. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Arches of the Feet The longitudinal arches Allows for weight transfer depending on position of foot The transverse arch Runs perpendicular to longitudinal arches Formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot

65. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8–14b Bones of the Ankle and Foot Medial view, right foot Longitudinal arch Transverse arch Phalanges Metatarsal bones Medial cuneiform bone Navicular Talus Calcaneus

66. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pes planus: Flat foot; Fallen arches: normal arches are lost or never form  Decreased longitudinal arch Clubfoot Increased longitudinal arch  resulting in inverted feet, turned medially and towards each other  Abnormal muscle development distorts growing bones  May involve one or both feet, ranges from mild to moderate to severe  Affects 1 in 1000 births; more common in males

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68. Studying the Skeleton Reveals characteristics Muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone mass) Medical history (condition of teeth, healed fractures) Sex and age (bone measurements and fusion) Body size