1. Lecture Presentation by Lee Ann Frederick University of Texas at Arlington Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton Learning Outcomes 8-1 Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdle, their functions, and their superficial features. 8-2 Identify the bones of the upper limbs, their functions, and their superficial features. 8-3 Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle, their functions, and their superficial features. 8-4 Identify the bones of the lower limbs, their functions, and their superficial features. 8-5 Summarize sex differences and age-related changes in the human skeleton. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes all bones besides axial skeleton The limbs The supportive girdles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2). Clavicle Scapula Humerus 2 2 2 2 16 10 28 2 2 Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges Hip bone Upper limbs Pectoral girdles 4 60 126 SKELETAL SYSTEM APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON 80 206 (see Figure 7–1) Pelvic girdle 2

5. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2). 2 2 2 2 14 10 28 Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Lower limbs 60

6. 8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Pectoral Girdle Also called shoulder girdle Connects the arms to the body Positions the shoulders Provides a base for arm movement Consists of: Two clavicles Two scapulae Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Figure 8-2a The Right Clavicle. ScapulaClavicle Jugular notch The position of the clavicle within the pectoral girdle, anterior view. a

8. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-2b The Right Clavicle. Acromial end Facet for articulation with acromion LATERALMEDIAL b Sternal end Superior view of the right clavicle.

9. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-2c The Right Clavicle. Acromial end Cunoid tubercle Costal tuberosity Sternal end Sternal facet LATERALMEDIAL Inferior view of the right clavicle. Stabilizing ligaments attach to the conoid tubercle and the costal tuberosity. c

10. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula. Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Superior angle Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Body Medial border Lateral border Anterior view Inferior angle a

11. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-3b The Right Scapula. Lateral border Spine Glenoid cavity Acromion Coracoid process Supraglenoid tubercle Inferior angle Lateral view b

12. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-3c The Right Scapula. Medial border Body Supraspinous fossa Superior border Coracoid process Acromion Neck Spine Infraspinous fossa Inferior angle Lateral border Posterior view c

13. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Shaft Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Condyle Capitulum Trochlea Radial fossa Lateral epicondyle Anterior surface a

14. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck Greater tubercle Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Olecranon fossa Trochlea Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Posterior surface b

15. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Humerus Medial epicondyle Trochlea Capitulum Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch of ulna Head of radius Elbow joint, anterior view c

16. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Humerus Elbow joint, posterior view Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Olecranon Trochlea of humerus Head of radius Ulna d

17. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-5a The Right Radius and Ulna. Olecranon Proximal radioulnar joint Ulna Radial head Neck of radius Radius Interosseous membrane Ulnar head Styloid process of ulna Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process of radius a Posterior view

18. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna. Radial head Neck of radius Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Ulna Radius Interosseous membrane Styloid process of radius Anterior view Distal radioulnar joint Ulnar head b

19. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-5c The Right Radius and Ulna. Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Ulna Lateral view of ulna, showing trochlear notch c

20. 8-2 The Upper Limbs The Four Proximal Carpal Bones 1. Scaphoid Near styloid process 2. Lunate Medial to scaphoid 3. Triquetrum Medial to lunate 4. Pisiform Anterior to triquetrum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. 8-2 The Upper Limbs The Four Distal Carpal Bones 1. Trapezium Lateral 2. Trapezoid Medial to trapezium 3. Capitate Largest 4. Hamate Medial, distal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. Radius Ulna Radius Carpals Anterior view a Posterior view b Phalanges Pollex I IIIII IV V Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Proximal Middle Distal Metacarpal bones Lunate Pisiform Triquetrum Hamate Capitate V I II III IV Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Metacarpal bones Proximal Middle Distal

23. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-6a Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. Radius Ulna Carpals Anterior view a Phalanges Pollex I II III IV V Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Proximal Middle Distal Metacarpal bones Pisiform Triquetrum Hamate Capitate Lunate

24. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-6b Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. Ulna Radius Carpals Posterior view b Phalanges Lunate Pisiform Triquetrum Hamate Capitate V I II III IV Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Metacarpal bones Proximal Middle Distal

25. 8-3 The Pelvic Girdle The Pelvic Girdle Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones) Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement Part of the pelvis Coxal bones Made up of three fused bones 1. Ilium (articulates with sacrum) 2. Ischium 3. Pubis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. 8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The acetabulum Also called the hip socket Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone) Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface) Acetabular notch A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone. Anterior Ilium POSTERIORANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Inferior Posterior Posterior superior iliac spine Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Acetabulum Acetabular notch Superior ramus Pubic tubercle Inferior ramus Ischial ramus Pubis Gluteal Lines Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Right hip bone, lateral view a

28. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-7b The Right Hip Bone. Ilium ANTERIOR Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliac fossa Pubic tubercle POSTERIOR Pubis Ischium Auricular surface for articulation with sacrum Iliac tuberosity Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Arcuate line Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pectineal line Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Location of pubic symphysis b Right hip bone, medial view Pubis

29. 8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones Articulations of the pelvic girdle Sacroiliac joint Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium With the sacrum Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity The Pelvis Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Figure 8-8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male. Sacrum Anterior view a Coccyx Ilium Pubis Ischium Hip bone (see Figure 8–7) Iliac crest L5L5 Iliac fossa Ilium Sacrum Sacroiliac joint Arcuate line Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Pubis Pubic symphysis Ischium

31. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-8b The Pelvis of an Adult Male. b Posterior view Iliac crest L5L5 Sacrum Coccyx Sacral foramina Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Ischium Hip bone (see Figure 8–7)

32. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-9a Divisions of the Pelvis. False pelvis Pelvic outlet Pelvic brim Pelvic inlet Superior view. The pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, and pelvic outlet. a

33. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-9b Divisions of the Pelvis. Pelvic outlet False pelvis Pelvic inlet Pelvic brim True pelvis Lateral view. The boundaries of the true (lesser) pelvis (shown in purple) and the (false) greater pelvis. b

34. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-9c Divisions of the Pelvis. Pelvic outlet Ischial spine Inferior view. The limits of the pelvic outlet. c

35. 8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis Female pelvis Smoother and lighter Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments Pelvis modifications for childbearing Enlarged pelvic outlet Broad pubic angle (>100°) Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx Wide, circular pelvic inlet Broad, low pelvis Ilia project laterally, not upward © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 1 of 4). SKULL General Appearance Cranium Forehead Sinuses Teeth Mandible About 10% larger More sloping Larger Larger, more robust Heavier, rougher Lighter, smoother About 10% smaller More vertical Smaller Smaller, less robust MALE FEMALE

37. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 2 of 4). General Appearance Broader, smoother, less robust Less vertical; less extension superior to sacral articulation Broad, short triangle with less sacral curvature Shallower Open, circular shaped Enlarged Points inferiorly Faces slightly anteriorly Triangular or more100º Lighter Less prominent More prominent Heavier Under 90 º Oval Directed laterally Points anteriorly Narrow Narrower, heart shaped Deeper Narrower, rougher, more robust More vertical; extends farther superior to sacroiliac joint Long, narrow triangle with pronounced sacral curvature Ilium Sacrum Iliac fossa Pelvic inlet Pelvic outlet Coccyx Acetabulum Obturator foramen Pubic angle Bone weight Bone markings OTHER PELVIS

38. 8-4 The Lower Limbs Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. Figure 8-11 Bone Markings on the Right Femur. Neck Greater trochanter Fovea capitis Femoral head Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Neck Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Gluteal tuberosity Pectineal line Linea aspera Lateral supracondylar ridge Popliteal surface Medial supracondylar ridge Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Posterior surface Anterior surface Lateral condyle Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Shaft a b

40. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-12a The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c). Base of patella Attachment area for quadriceps tendon Attachment area for patellar ligament Apex of patella a Anterior view

41. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-12b The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c). Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Articular surface of patella b Posterior view

42. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-12c The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c). Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle of femur Medial condyle of femur Patella c Inferior view of right femur and patella

43. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-13a The Right Tibia and Fibula. Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Superior tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior margin Medial tibial condyle Tibia Fibula Lateral malleolus (fibula) Medial malleolus (tibia) Inferior articular surface a Anterior view

44. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-13b The Right Tibia and Fibula. Medial tibial condyle Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Intercondylar eminence Articular surface of lateral tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus (tibia) Inferior tibiofibular joint Lateral malleolus (fibula) b Posterior view

45. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-13c The Right Tibia and Fibula. Interosseous membrane Anterior margin Tibia Fibula Transverse section of tibia and fibula c

46. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Calcaneus Tarsal bones Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial Metatarsal bones V IV III II I Phalanges Middle Distal Hallux Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Superior view, right foot a Proximal