1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham 8 PART 1 Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton Pages 185-203

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk Pelvic girdle Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk Upper and lower limbs differ in function Share the same structural plan

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pectoral Girdle Consists of the clavicle and the scapula Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is shallow Good for flexibility, bad for stability

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Clavicle Acromio- clavicular joint Scapula (a) Articulated pectoral girdle Articulated Pectoral Girdle Figure 8.1a

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Clavicles Extend horizontally across the superior thorax Sternal end articulates with the manubrium Acromial end articulates with scapula Provide attachment for muscles Hold the scapulae and arms laterally Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Clavicles Figure 8.1b, c Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view Posterior Sternal (medial) end Anterior Acromial end Trapezoid line Conoid tubercle Anterior Posterior Sternal end (c) Right clavicle, inferior view Tuberosity for costoclavicular ligament

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Scapulae Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage Located between ribs 2–7 Have three borders Superior Medial (vertebral) Lateral (axillary) Have three angles Lateral, superior, and inferior

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Scapula Figure 8.2a Acromion Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Superior border Superior angle Subscapular fossa Medial border Inferior angle Glenoid cavity Lateral border (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior angle Medial border Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Lateral border Infraspinous fossa Spine (b) Right scapula, posterior aspect Supraspinous fossa Structures of the Scapula Figure 8.2b

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Upper Limb 30 bones form each upper limb Grouped into bones of the: Arm Forearm Hand

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Arm Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow Humerus The only bone of the arm Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Arm Humerus Many structures of the humerus provide sites for muscle attachment Other structures of the humerus provide articulation sites for other bones

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm Figure 8.3a, b Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus Lateral supracondylar ridge Radial fossa Capitulum Head of humerus Anatomical neck Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea (a) Anterior view Head of humerus Anatomical neck Radial groove Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Greater tubercle Lateral epicondyle Medial supracondylar ridge (b) Posterior view

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm Figure 8.3c, d Coronoid fossa Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Capitulum Trochlea (c) Anterior view at the elbow region Humerus Medial epicondyle Coronoid process of ulna Ulna Radial notch Olecranon fossa Ulna Olecranon process Medial epicondyle (d) Posterior view of extended elbow Humerus Lateral epicondyle Head Radius Neck

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Forearm Formed from the radius and ulna Proximal ends articulate with the humerus Distal ends articulate with carpals

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Forearm Radius and ulna articulate with each other At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints The interosseous membrane Interconnects radius and ulna In anatomical position; the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ulna Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage Plays little to no role in hand movement

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Proximal Part of the Ulna Figure 8.4a, b Radial notch of the ulna Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Distal radioulnar joint Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Interosseous membrane Ulna Head Neck Radial tuberosity Radius Styloid process of radius (a) Anterior view Olecranon process Styloid process of radius Radius Neck of radius Head of radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Interosseous membrane Ulna (b) Posterior view

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Radius and Ulna Figure 8.4c, d (c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch View (d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Styloid process Articulation for scaphoid Articulation for lunate Styloid process View

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Radius Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum Medially—the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna Contributes heavily to the wrist joint Distal radius articulates with carpal bones When radius moves, the hand moves with it

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Radius and Ulna Figure 8.3c, d Coronoid fossa Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Capitulum Trochlea (c) Anterior view at the elbow region Humerus Medial epicondyle Coronoid process of ulna Ulna Radial notch Olecranon fossa Ulna Olecranon process Medial epicondyle (d) Posterior view of extended elbow Humerus Lateral epicondyle Head Radius Neck

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hand Includes the following bones Carpus—wrist Metacarpals—palm Phalanges—fingers

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Carpus Forms the true wrist—the proximal region of the hand Gliding movements occur between carpals Composed of eight marble-sized bones

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Carpus Carpal bones Are arranged in two irregular rows Proximal row from lateral to medial Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, and pisiform Distal row from lateral to medial Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate A mnemonic to help remember carpals: Sally left the party to take Carmen home

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Hand Figure 8.6a, b Trapezoid Trapezium Scaphoid Triquetrum Lunate Capitate Hamate 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 Phalanges Metacarpals Carpals (a) Anterior view of right hand (b) Posterior view of right hand Radius Ulna Sesamoid bones Base Shaft Proximal Middle Distal Head Ulna Triquetrum Lunate Capitate Hamate Pisiform Carpals

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Metacarpus Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist Metacarpals form the palm Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb) Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges Proximal, middle, and distal

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8-1 Bones of the Upper Limb (1 of 3)

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8-1 Bones of the Upper Limb (2 of 3)

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelvic Girdle Attaches lower limbs to the spine Supports visceral organs Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur Lower limbs have less freedom of movement Are more stable than the arm

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelvic Girdle Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones) Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum

32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Figure 8.7a Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) llium Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Pubis Ischium Sacrum Base of sacrum Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Acetabulum Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Iliac crest Coccyx Pubic arch Anterior inferior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Pubic tubercle (a) Pelvic girdle

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pelvic Girdle Consists of three separate bones in childhood Ilium, ischium, and pubis Bones fuse, retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones Acetabulum A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ilium Large, flaring bone Forms the superior region of the coxal bone Site of attachment for many muscles Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Figure 8.7a Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) llium Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Pubis Ischium Sacrum Base of sacrum Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Acetabulum Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Iliac crest Coccyx Pubic arch Anterior inferior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Pubic tubercle (a) Pelvic girdle

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ischium Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone Anteriorly—joins the pubis Ischial tuberosities Are the strongest part of the hip bone

37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pubis Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone Lies horizontally in anatomical position Pubic symphysis The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline Pubic arch—inferior to the pubic symphysis Angle helps distinguish male from female pelves

38. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral and Medial Views of the Hip Bone Figure 8.7b, c Ilium Ischium Pubis Ilium Ala Tubercle of the iliac crest Anterior gluteal line Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior iIiac spine Greater sciatic notch Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischial body Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Ischium Ischial ramus Inferior gluteal line Acetabulum Pubic body Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Pubis Inferior ramus of pubis (b) Lateral view, right hip bone Iliac fossa Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Arcuate line Pubic tubercle Superior ramus of pubis Inferior ramus of pubis Posterior superior iliac spine Obturator foramen Body of the ilium Ischium Ischial ramus (c) Medial view, right hip bone Auricular surface Ischial spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis)

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. True and False Pelves Bony pelvis is divided into two regions False (greater) pelvis—bounded by alae of the iliac bones True (lesser) pelvis—inferior to pelvic brim Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. True and False Pelves Figure 8.8b Anterior abdominal wall False pelvis Pelvic brim, defining pelvic inlet True pelvis Coccyx Plane of pelvic outlet Symphyseal surface (b) True and false pelves Plane through midpelvis

41. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelvic Structures and Childbearing Major differences between male and female pelves Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male Provides more room in the true pelvis

42. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Female and Male Pelves Table 8.2 (1 of 2)

43. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Female and Male Pelves Table 8.2 (2 of 2)

44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Lower Limb Carries the entire weight of the erect body Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb Divided into three segments Thigh, leg, and foot

45. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Thigh The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee Femur—the single bone of the thigh Longest and strongest bone of the body Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum

46. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Inter- trochanteric crest Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle Head Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Intercondylar fossa Medial and lateral supra- condylar lines Medial condyle Medial epicondyle Adductor tubercle Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur (thigh bone) Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface Structures of the Femur Figure 8.9b

47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Leg Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle Composed of the tibia and fibula Tibia—more massive medial bone of the leg Receives weight of the body from the femur Fibula—stick-like lateral bone of the leg Interosseous membrane Connects the tibia and fibula

48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Leg Tibia articulates with femur at superior end Forms the knee joint Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end Forms the ankle joint Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint Stabilizes the ankle joint

49. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Tibia and Fibula Figure 8.10a, b

50. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Foot Foot is composed of Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges Important functions Supports body weight Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground

51. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Tarsus Makes up the posterior half of the foot Contains seven bones called tarsals Body weight is primarily borne by the talus and calcaneus Trochlea of the talus Site of articulation with the tibia Other tarsals are: Cuboid and navicular Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

52. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Medial cuneiform Phalanges Metatarsals Tarsals Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Proximal Middle Distal Trochlea of talus 5 4 3 2 1 Bones of the Foot Figure 8.11a

53. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Metatarsus Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux (great toe) First metatarsal supports body weight

54. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Medial cuneiform Phalanges Metatarsals Tarsals Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Proximal Middle Distal Trochlea of talus 5 4 3 2 1 Bones of the Foot Figure 8.11a

55. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges of the Toes 14 phalanges of the toes Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges of fingers Except for the great toe, each toe has three phalanges Proximal, middle, and distal

56. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Foot Figure 8.11c (c) Lateral view Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Fifth metatarsal Facet for lateral malleolus Talus Navicular CuboidCalcaneus

57. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8-3 Bones of the Lower Limbs (1 of 3)

58. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8-3 Bones of the Lower Limbs (2 of 3)

59. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8-3 Bones of the Lower Limbs (3 of 3)