1. Sustainability in a Mature, Mass- Tourism Destination: The Case of Hawaii Pauline J. Sheldon, PhD School of Travel Industry Management University of Hawaii John Knox, PhD Knox and Associates Kem Lowry, PhD Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning University of Hawaii

2. Hawai’i Tourism in a Nutshell A mass destination in mature phase of life-cycle – approx 7mn visitors/year. Tourism is central to that state’s economy Previous attempts to deal with sustainability Long-standing disagreements among stakeholders as to how and if tourism should grow. Hawaii’s natural, cultural and infrastructures were being stretched – also on neighbor islands Prior to 9/11 Hawaii was experiencing quality declines and increasing visitor arrivals – concern for sustainability was strong. Attempts were being made to re-enliven the product Governor appropriated monies to do a carrying capacity study. After 9/11 the study evolved to a more general one of sustainability and what it means to the state. A three-pronged approach was used to study this for the state.

3. Hawaii Visitor Arrivals

4. Visitor Expenditures

5. Hawaii Sustainable Tourism Study Details Appropriation for study in 2001 under Act 259 – overseen by consortium of state agencies (DBEDT, OP, HTA) Before it really started, 9/11 and a change in political environment Goals of Study Identify impacts of visitor and resident growth on infranstructure and economy Create new analytical tools to identify impacts of tourism and resident growth

6. Figure 3: HAWAII STATE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM STUDY DATA INPUTSMODELS AND PROCESSES KNOWLEDGE OUTPUTS PART I Infrastructure and Environmental Overview Study PART 2 Economic and Environmental Assessment Modeling: GEM, SAM, EAM, CEG, GIS, Trigger Pt. PART 3 Public Input: Resident surveys Multi-stakeholder task force Socio-Cultural Impact (esp. Hawaiian) Existing planning documents Infrast.assessment by island Input/Output Data Geographic & Demographic data Forecasts and scenarios Resident surveys Community meetings Stakeholder meetings Knowledge-base of environment and infrastructure Spatial Understanding of growth impacts Vision, goals, Indicators Knowledge of Resident opinion esp Native Hawaiian

7. TABLE 1 Infrastructure and Environmental Overview Study Elements and Features Public Water quality and Quality Sewage Solid Waste Storm Water Roads Airports Harbors Parks Police Fire EMS Private Visitor accommodations Private transportation Energy systems Sewer systems Environmental Features Coastal water quality Marine eco-systems health Forest/green space Air quality Beach erosion Invasive species Natural resources

8. TABLE 2 Measurements for Each Factor Present capacity/usage Existing problems/issues/opportunities Future/planned usage Future/planned requirements/changes Anticipated costs Problems/issues/opportunities associated with costs Visitor versus resident impact Major assumptions

9. Input-Output Table Data Computable General Equilibrium Model SCENARIOS Baseline Low pop, low visitor Low pop, high visitor High pop, low visitor High pop, high visitor Changes in visitor mix SPATIAL ALLOCATION Kauai CountyHonolulu City & CountyMaui CountyHawaii County Industrial Sector Output $ valueEmployment Nitrogen, CO2 models Water Solidwaste Wastewater Energy Water Solidwaste Wastewater Energy Water Solidwaste Wastewater Energy Water Solidwaste Wastewater Energy Source: Kim and Konan, 2004

10. Multi-Stakeholder Task Force (Study Group) 24 members Eleven 4-hour meetings over 18 months Additional working sub-groups Some contention – settled toward end of project VISION; GOALS; INDICATORS; RECOMMENDED ACTIONS. Generated: VISION; GOALS; INDICATORS; RECOMMENDED ACTIONS.

11. VISION FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN HAWAI`I: Sustainable tourism would honor Hawai`i’s culture and history, protect our unique natural environment, engage the local community, support the economy, and please our visitors. Broad GOAL #1 - VALUES: Sustainable tourism will reflect our own deepest values – lōkahi (harmony), mālama `āina (nourishing the land), ho`okipa (hospitality), kuleana (responsibility), and aloha (welcome) Broad GOAL #2 - ECONOMY: Sustainable tourism will provide good jobs, economic vitality, and diversity; provide opportunities for all sectors of the Hawai`i community; and retain as much of the benefit as possible within our own economy Broad GOAL #3 - ENVIRONMENT: Sustainable tourism will operate in harmony with our ecosystems, enhancing natural beauty and protecting the islands’ natural resources Broad GOAL #4 - CULTURE: Sustainable tourism will be part of a larger effort to perpetuate the customs and traditions of Hawai`i’s ethnic cultures, especially our Native Hawaiian host culture Broad GOAL #5 - SOCIAL Broad Broad GOAL #5 – SOCIAL HARMONY: Sustainable tourism will reinforce Hawai`i’s heritage of tolerance, diversity, respect, and Aloha among our various ethnic and social groups, and among residents and visitors Broad GOAL #6 - PLANNING: BrBBroad Goal #6 – PLANNING: Sustainable tourism will be planned to protect communities’ sense of place for current and future generations