2. Lecture slides on: Computer Hardware Ports and Connectors Suleiman Mohammed, citp(mcpn, mncs) Institute of Computing & ICT, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Instructor

3. Introduction In the past connecting devices to your computer are at ease when we only use the keyboard, mouse, monitor and printers but now We have to deal with USB, FireWire, network jacks and an assortment of audio and video connections. All those will be presented in this presentation In the past connecting devices to your computer are at ease when we only use the keyboard, mouse, monitor and printers but now We have to deal with USB, FireWire, network jacks and an assortment of audio and video connections. All those will be presented in this presentationkeyboard, mouse printersUSBFireWire network jacks keyboard, mouse printersUSBFireWire network jacks Simple PC With only mouse New types of ConnectorsUSB are the Simple PC With only mouse New types of ConnectorsUSB are the keyboard and printer for new devices asmost popular keyboard and printer for new devices asmost popular Technology grew Technology grew

4. What are Ports? On computer, a port is generally a specific place for being physically connected to some other device, usually with a socket or plug which we call Connectors On computer, a port is generally a specific place for being physically connected to some other device, usually with a socket or plug which we call Connectors Typical Computer Port found behind a desktop PC

5. What are Connectors? A connector is any connector used within computers or to connect computers to networks, printers or other devices. A connector is any connector used within computers or to connect computers to networks, printers or other devices. Many types of computer connectors Many types of computer connectors

6. The PS/2 Connector The PS/2 connector are use for connecting keyboard and mouse on the modern PCs. The PS2 mouse connector and port is usually green in colour to distinguish it from the PS2 keyboard, which is purple. The PS/2 connector are use for connecting keyboard and mouse on the modern PCs. The PS2 mouse connector and port is usually green in colour to distinguish it from the PS2 keyboard, which is purple.

7. The USB Port The USB Port Universal Serial Bus: a protocol for transferring data to and from digital devices. Many digital cameras and memory card readers connect to the USB port on a computer. Universal Serial Bus: a protocol for transferring data to and from digital devices. Many digital cameras and memory card readers connect to the USB port on a computer.

8. The Firewire IEEE 1394 Port A type of cabling technology for transferring data to and from digital devices at high speed. FireWire are typically faster than those that connect via USB. A type of cabling technology for transferring data to and from digital devices at high speed. FireWire are typically faster than those that connect via USB.

9. The RJ45 Ethernet Port LAN or (Local Area Network) uses a CAT5 cable and a RJ45 connection. The CAT 5 cable is also called the Ethernet Cable. LAN or (Local Area Network) uses a CAT5 cable and a RJ45 connection. The CAT 5 cable is also called the Ethernet Cable. Network connection generally uses a 10/100 Mbps speed. This means it has two different speeds 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps. Network connection generally uses a 10/100 Mbps speed. This means it has two different speeds 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps.

10. DB25 Parallel Port The printer connects to your computer with a Parallel connector. This connector has 25 pins. The printer connects to your computer with a Parallel connector. This connector has 25 pins. Parallel means the device is capable of receiving more than one bit at a time (that is, it receives several bits in parallel). Parallel means the device is capable of receiving more than one bit at a time (that is, it receives several bits in parallel).

11. 10 Exploring Data Communications Computer ports and connections Power connection Mouse port FireWire port Network port Phone line connection Speaker and microphone connections USB ports Monitor port Audio connection Keyboard port

12. Memory Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory Measured in nanosecondsMeasured in nanoseconds 11

13. Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card An adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals An adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals Sound card and video cardSound card and video card 12

14. Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them 13

15. Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards Removable flash memory includes: Removable flash memory includes: Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/ExpressCard modulesMemory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/ExpressCard modules 14

16. Ports and Connectors A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred to as a jack) A connector joins a cable to a port 15

17. Ports and Connectors 16

18. Ports and Connectors On a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides On a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides 17

19. Ports and Connectors 18

20. Ports and Connectors A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB hubYou can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB hub 19

21. Ports and Connectors Other types of ports include: Other types of ports include: 20 Firewire port Bluetooth port SCSI port eSATA port IrDA port Serial port MIDI port

22. Ports and Connectors A Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a Bluetooth port A smart phone might communicate with a notebook computer using an IrDA port 21

23. Ports and Connectors A port replicator is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device A port replicator is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device A docking station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device A docking station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device 22

24. Buses A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other Data bus Address bus Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time 23

25. Buses Expansion slots connect to expansion buses Expansion slots connect to expansion buses Common types of expansion buses include: Common types of expansion buses include: 24 PCI bus PCI Express bus Accelerated Graphics Port USB and FireWire bus PC Card bus

26. Bays A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipment A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipment A drive bay typically holds disk drivesA drive bay typically holds disk drives 25

27. Cache Memory Very fast memory used to improve the speed of a computer, doubling it in some cases Very fast memory used to improve the speed of a computer, doubling it in some cases Acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and main memory Acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and main memory Stores the most frequently or recently used instructions and data for rapid retrieval Stores the most frequently or recently used instructions and data for rapid retrieval Generally between 1Kb and 512Kb Generally between 1Kb and 512Kb Much more expensive than normal RAM Much more expensive than normal RAM

28. Memory Cache speeds up a computer by storing data the computer has recently used. There are 2 types : Internal & External

29. External Cache If the computer cannot find what it needs in the Internal Cache, it looks in the external cache. This is usually located on the Motherboard. In some CPU chips the External cache is built in. Internal Cache When the computer needs data it first looks in the Internal cache. This is located on the CPU chip and provides the fastest way for the computer to get data.

30. Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as needed. Virtual memory

31. Motherboard This is the main circuit board that all of the other internal components connect to. The CPU and memory are usually on the motherboard. Other systems may be found directly on the motherboard or connected to it through a secondary connection. For example, a sound card can be built into the motherboard or connected through PCI (Peripheral Component Interface).

33. Auxiliary Storage Hard disks Hard disks - all standalone PCs have in-built hard disk - typical capacity for Pentium PC is >= 40 Gb - used for storing software including the operating system, other systems software, application programs and data other systems software, application programs and data Floppy disks Floppy disks - thin sheet of mylar plastic in hard 3½” casing - capacity 1.44Mb CD-ROM CD-ROM - holds about 700Mb Zip disks Zip disks - hold up to 250Mb

34. Power supply An electrical transformer regulates the electricity used by the computer. Hard disk This is large-capacity permanent storage used to hold information such as programs and documents. Operating system This is the basic software that allows the user to interface with the computer.

35. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Controller This is the primary interface for the hard drive, CD- ROM and floppy disk drive. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus The most common way to connect additional components to the computer, PCI uses a series of slots on the motherboard that PCI cards plug into. SCSI Pronounced "scuzzy," the small computer system interface is a method of adding additional devices, such as hard drives or scanners, to the computer.scanners

36. Graphics cardGraphics card - This translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor. Sound card This is used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital information and back again. AGP Accelerated Graphics Port is a very high-speed connection used by the graphics card to interface with the computer.

37. Parallel Port Serial Ports USB Ports

38. SERIAL PORT Considered to be one of the most basic external connections to a computer, the serial port has been an integral part of most computers for more than 20 years. Although many of the newer systems have done away with the serial port completely in favor of USB connections, most modems still use the serial port, as do some printers, PDAs and digital cameras. Few computers have more than two serial ports.USBmodemsPDAsdigital cameras

39. If you have a printer connected to your computer, there is a good chance that it uses the parallel port. While USB is becoming increasingly popular, the parallel port is still a commonly used interface for printers. Parallel ports can be used to connect a host of popular computer peripherals:USB Printers Scanners CD burners External hard driveshard drives Iomega Zip removable drivesremovable drives Network adaptersNetwork Tape backup drives Parallel Ports

40. The goal of USB is to end all of these headaches. The Universal Serial Bus gives you a single, standardized, easy-to-use way to connect up to 127 devices to a computer. Just about every peripheral made now comes in a USB version. A sample list of USB devices that you can buy today includes: PrintersPrinters Scanners Mice Joysticks Flight yokesScannersMiceJoysticks Digital camerasDigital cameras Webcams Scientific data acquisition devicesWebcams ModemsModems Speakers Telephones Video phonesSpeakersTelephones Storage devicesStorage devices such as Zip drives Network connectionsNetwork connections Connecting a USB device to a computer is simple -- you find the USB connector on the back of your machine and plug the USB connector into it. Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports

41. The rectangular socket is a typical USB socket on the back of a PC. A typical USB connector, called an "A" connection A typical "B" connection

42. Input and output devices Input devices Input devices - Keyboard - mouse - barcode readers - Scanners Output devices Output devices - printer - plotter - VDU Can you name some others?

43. Power Supply The power supply converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power Some external peripherals have an AC adapter, which is an external power supply 42

44. 43 Learning about Networks Network configuration Workstation Your local workstation Server Printer

45. 44 Learning about Networks LAN (local area network) LAN (local area network) computers and peripherals located close to each othercomputers and peripherals located close to each other WAN (wide area network) WAN (wide area network) more than one LAN connected together the Internet is the largest example of a WAN WLAN (wireless local area network) WLAN (wireless local area network) computers and peripherals that use high-frequency radio waves instead of wires to communicate and connect in a network Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) describes WLANs connected using a standard radio frequency established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

46. 45 Learning about Networks PAN (personal area network)— PAN (personal area network)—a network that allows two or more devices located close to each other to communicate or to connect a device to the Internet infrared technology—infrared technology—uses infrared light waves to beam data from one device to another Bluetooth—Bluetooth—uses short range radio waves to connect a device wirelessly to another device or to the Internet WiMAX WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) allows computers to connect over many miles to a LAN a WiMAX tower sends signals to a WiMAX receiver built or plugged into a computer

47. 46 Learning about Networks Using modems to send and receive data Sending site Digital signal Modem Analog signal Modem Digital signal Receiving site

48. 47 Learning about Security Threats Security refers to the steps a computer owner takes to prevent unauthorized use of or damage to the computer

49. 48 Learning about Security Threats Malware describes any program that is intended to cause harm or convey information to others without the owner’s permission Viruses harmful programs that instruct your computer to perform destructive activities, such as erasing a disk drive Antivirus software (virus protection software) searches executable files for the sequences of characters that may cause harm and disinfects the files by erasing or disabling those commands

50. 49 Learning about Security Threats Spyware programs contained with other programs that track a computer user’s Internet usage and send this data back to the company or person that created it usually installed without the computer user’s permission or knowledge Anti-spyware software detects spyware and deletes them Adware software installed with another program usually with the user’s permission generates advertising revenue for the program’s creator by displaying targeted ads to the program’s user

51. 50 Learning about Security Threats Firewall prevents other computers on the Internet from accessing a computer and prevents programs on a computer from accessing the Internet without the computer user’s permission can be either hardware or software router a device that controls traffic between network components usually has a built-in firewall. software firewalls track all incoming and outgoing traffic

52. 51 Learning about Security Threats Spoofed site a Web site set up to look like another Web site, but which does not belong to the organization portrayed in the site the URL (address on the Web) looks similar to a URL from the legitimate site usually set up to try to convince customers of the real site to enter personal information Phishing the practice of sending e-mails to customers or potential customers of a legitimate Web site asking them to click a link in the e-mail the link leads to a spoofed site Pharming when a criminal breaks into a DNS server (a computer responsible for directing Internet traffic) and redirect any attempts to access a particular Web site to the criminal’s spoofed site

53. 52 Protecting Information with Passwords Logging in Logging in signing in with a user name and passwordsigning in with a user name and password Strong password Strong password at least eight charactersat least eight characters consists of upper- and lowercase letters and numbersconsists of upper- and lowercase letters and numbers does not include common personal informationdoes not include common personal information

54. End of Presentation Thank you