1. Two major types of Microscopes Light microscopes Electron microscopes

2. Light microscopes were first developed in the 1500s. One of the earliest inventors of microscopes was the Dutch lens grinder Anton van Leeuwenhoek. “Father of Microscopy” His microscopes were mostly single lens magnifiers with a place to attach a specimen. He is credited with producing over 250 different microscopes.

3. The first compound light microscope was designed by the Jansens in 1590, even before van Leeuwenhoek. The compound light microscope design allowed biologists to view specimens through a series of two lenses. This gives a greater amount of magnification. The total magnification possible is a product of the two lenses used.

4. Electron Microscopes: Light microscopes can only produce sharp images of objects when the objects are larger than 0.2 micrometers (2 ten thousandths of a millimeter), or about 1/50th of the diameter of the typical cell. The wavelength of light is too large for very small structures.

5. Electron microscopes focuses a beam of electrons on specimens, and can form images 1000 times smaller than those visible under the light microscope. The electron beam has a much smaller wavelength.

6. Two Major types of electron microscopes: TEM – TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE An electron beam shines through very thin specimens. It produces a two-dimensional image. It can only be used to view dead specimens. (They can magnify 200,000 times.)

7. SEM – SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE An electron beam scans back and forth across the surface of a specimen to provide a three- dimensional image of the object’s surface. (They can magnify 100,000 times.) Images of the electron microscope can be seen on a monitor, rather than directly, as with the light microscope.

8. THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

9. Compound Light Microscope – this microscope uses a beam of light that passes through two lenses to provide an enlarged view of structures that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

10. Magnification – this refers to the microscope’s ability to increase an object’s apparent size. Resolution- this refers to the ability of a microscope to show details clearly.

11. Total Magnification- this is calculated by multiplying the ocular lens x the objective lens over the slide. scanning lens (ocular 10x)(objective 4x) = 40x total low power (ocular 10x)(objective 10x) = 100x total high power (ocular 10x)(objective 40x) = 400x total

12. Field of View – the area of the specimen that is seen when looking through the ocular lens. As the total magnification increases, the field of view decreases. Depth of Field – the ability to focus through different depths or “layers” within a specimen.

13. Measuring units and the microscope: The unit of measurement commonly used in microscopic study is the micron (  ). It is equal to 0.000001 (1/1 millionth) of a meter, 0.001 (1/1 thousandth) of a millimeter, or about 1/25,000 of an inch.

14. Human Hair Diameter compared to one micron

15. Cells differ greatly in size. Bacteria range from 0.5  to 2 . Some nerve cells may have a length of one meter however.

16. Put away the microscope properly: 1) Remove your slide 2) Clean the stage 3) Lower the stage (some of the microscopes) 4) Place the lowest power objective in place. 5) Wrap the cord around the supports on the microscope 6) Place the cover on the microscope

17. Parafocal – the characteristic of a microscope that maintains focus when switched to another objective lens