2. Essential Questions 1. How to bring the South back into the Union? 2. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen?

3. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) –Pardon those who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and Constitution, and accepted 13 th Amendment –State gov’t could be established once 10% took the loyalty oath Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

4. Disapproved of Lincoln’s lenient planDisapproved of Lincoln’s lenient plan Made requirement over 50% take loyalty oathMade requirement over 50% take loyalty oath Only non-Confederates can vote for a state constitutionOnly non-Confederates can vote for a state constitution Lincoln refused to sign the billLincoln refused to sign the bill Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

5. Creation of Freedmen’s Bureau March 1865 To provide food, shelter, clothing, medical care, education and legal assistance

6. Lincoln is Assassinated

8. President Johnson’s Plan Senator from Tennessee Lincoln’s V.P. Similar to Lincoln’s Plan Disenfranchisement of former leaders of Confederacy Exclusive right to grant pardons Former Confederates voted into Congress!

9. Black Codes Restored pre-emancipation system of race relations Prohibited blacks from renting land or borrowing $ to buy land Guaranteed stable labor supply with yearly contracts Prevented from testifying against whites in court

10. Congress Breaks with the President Johnson felt Reconstruction should be over February, 1866  President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill March, 1866  Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1 st in U. S. history!!

11. Talk to your neighbor: What did Presidential Reconstruction look like?

12. Division between champions of white middle class and civil rights for blacksDivision between champions of white middle class and civil rights for blacks Fear of growing Democratic Party and Southern political powerFear of growing Democratic Party and Southern political power Leaders included Charles Sumner and Thaddeus StevensLeaders included Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens Radical Republicans

13. All persons born or naturalized in U.S. are citizensAll persons born or naturalized in U.S. are citizens Equal protection of the laws and “due process of law”Equal protection of the laws and “due process of law” Disqualified former Confederate leaders from holding state or federal officeDisqualified former Confederate leaders from holding state or federal office 14 th Amendment 1866

14. Radical Republicans’ Plan Broke South into 5 districts and placed them under military control Rewrite state constitution which would allow all men to vote Ratify the 14 th Amendment

15. President Johnson Faces Impeachment Congress limited Johnson’s powers Johnson tested the new laws by firing his Secretary of War w/o approval of Senate House of reps voted to impeach Went to trial in Senate Congress lost by one vote

16. 15 th Amendment (1870) Election of 1868 Republican candidate Grant wins with a slim majority Republicans realized the importance of the African-American vote The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

17. The Reconstruction Governments Scalawags: supporters of Reconstruction Carpetbaggers: Northerners that came to take part in the region’s political and economic growth Freedmen

18. Talk to your neighbor: What did Congressional Reconstruction look like?

19. African-American Adjustment Traveled Got married Pursued an education Established separate black churches

20. Sharecropping Once wealthy whites had land but no $ to hire laborers Rented out plots of land The employer provided the land, seed, tools, a mule, and a cabin Sharecropper would provide labor and share the harvest

21. White Resistance to Reconstruction Founded by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest (former Confederate general) Secret society to intimidate blacks and white reforms Angry at use of tax $ Force Acts of 1870 + 1871

22. Reconstruction Ends Discontent with Reconstruction Northerners grow weary and become lenient Federal Troops are removed and reconstruction gov’ts crumble Redeemer Gov’ts reverse gains made by Reconstruction Poll tax, literacy test, Grandfather clause, Jim Crow Laws