1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. I. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION technology makes farming more efficient and need less workers New tools Enclosures: large fields Crop rotation Experimentation with new crops Population growth Commercial Revolution Fewer workers need to work on the farm Moved to towns to find work

3. II. FACTORY PRODUCTION Mass production of goods Use of materials and labor efficiently Division of labor (assembly line) Standardization of parts made them interchangeable Exploited natural energy sources well Location of factories near power Water power(Rivers and streams), coal Rewarded economic investment Capital invesetment $$ was reinvested in the business (more factories, more machines) Laissez-faire capitalism (Adam Smith): private ownership, free enterprise, profit motive, competition and market ecnomy

4. III. GREAT BRITAIN (COMMON AP TOPIC/ MAJOR THEME- WHY DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION START IN GREAT BRITAIN) Large population Entrepreneurs who were willing to take financial risks Skilled workers Strong economy and trade Mercantilism= wealthy merchant class Markets to sell mass produced goods to Credit= loans to buy expensive machines Stable government Parliament gave British people a voice Solid infrastructure= good roads (transportation for goods) Geographic advantages Island= away from Continental Europe disputes Harbors=worldwide trading Rivers=transport of goods Natural/ mineral resources like iron ore to generate steam to power the machines.

5. IV. BRITISH TECHNOLOGY GB had sources of raw cotton in the colonies and moved textile industry from home into factories Spinning jenny, water frame spinning machines, machine driven looms Increased output for workers Steam Engine (James Watt) Factories no longer had to be situated by water Iron Manufacturing of machines

6. V. BRITISH TRANSPORTATION Needed to move raw materials and finished goods Rivers Canals- linked factories to rivers Quicker and safer than road travel Beginning of the 19 th Century The Railroads Steam engines could carry large loads faster/ cheaper than boats in canals Great Exhibition of 1851- showed the strength of GB as an industrial power the rest of the world.

7. VI. GROWTH OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Spread slowly through Europe Strength of guild system French Rev and Napoleonic Wars devastated Continental Europe (physically and economically) Little capital ($$) to build machines GB was huge competitor to live up to Forbade communication with the rest of Europe to remain superior Transportation was an issue

8. VII. GROWTH OF INDUSTRIALIZATION France and Belgium grow as centers of industry GB’s overregulation of workers caused some to flee and spread ideas High tariffs, taxes on imports, creation of railroad system Joint-stock banks= capital Belgium and Germanic States Major concentration of coal allows (manufacturing) leadership in Continental Europe United States Mid 19 th century Helped by emigrating Britons

9. VIII. SOCIAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (COMMON AP TOPIC) Population increase Growth of cities (urbanization)- unprepared Lack of housing Overcrowding/ bad and unsanitary living conditions Crime Push for public health improvements and public safety Guild system diminishes Poor working conditions: work was monotonous, repetitive and DANGEROUS Long work hours/weeks

10. VIII. SOCIAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (COMMON AP TOPIC) Women and children worked Soot from factories blackened buildings and caused pollution Disease: typhoid and cholera Technological unemployment (machines replacing jobs) Craftsmen attack machines (luddites)

11. IX. REFORM Factory Acts of 1833 and 1847- lowered the number of working hours allowed and raised the minimum wage Cutting the number of hours for children and required them to have education Chadwick’s Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842) Recommendation for adequate sewage system Gustave Dore’s London: A Pilgrimage (1872) Realism Show the grim world of the urban poor

12. IX. REFORM Chartist Movement (1838) Goal to help factory workers in their lives outside of the factory Universal male suffrage (right to vote) Removal of property qualifications

13. X. IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Factories worked around the clock producing more and more goods Demand for raw materials and trade market increases European nations competed for colonies (Africa and Asia) Socialism- variety of ideals on building an new society able to deal with the social problems of industrialization