1. Life, Cells, and Thermodynamics
Chapter 1
Life, Cells, and Thermodynamics

2. Life, Cells, and Thermodynamics
Chapter 1
Life, Cells, and Thermodynamics
Key Concepts 1.1:
• Biological molecules are constructed from a limited number of elements.
• Certain functional groups and linkages characterize different types of biomolecules.
• During chemical evolution, simple compounds condensed to form more complex molecules and polymers.
• Self-replicating molecules would have been subject to natural selection.

3. Living Matter Consists of Few Elements

4. Filamentous Bacterial Cell Microfossil

5. Hydrothermal Vent

6. Carboxylic Acid-Amine Reactions

7. Complementary Molecules Associate

8. Biochemistry Functional Groups and Linkages

9. Biochemistry Functional Groups and Linkages

10. Biological Polymers

11. Intramolecular Complementary & Replication

12. Cellular Architecture
Chapter 1
Cellular Architecture
Key Concepts 1.2:
• Compartmentation of cells promotes efficiency by maintaining high local concentrations of reactants.
• Metabolic pathways evolved to synthesize molecules and generate energy.
• The simplest cells are prokaryotes.
• Eukaryotes are characterized by numerous membrane-bounded organelles, including a nucleus.
• The phylogenetic tree of life includes three domains: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.
• Evolution occurs as natural selection acts on randomly occurring variations among individuals.

13. Cross-section of E. coli

14. Relative Prokaryotic Cell Size

15. Typical Animal Cell

16. Phylogenetic Relationship of 3 Domains

17. Chapter 1 Thermodynamics Key Concepts 1.3:
• Energy must be conserved, but it can take different forms.
• In most biochemical systems, enthalpy is equivalent to heat.
• Entropy, a measure of a system’s disorder, tends to increase.
• The free energy change for a process is determined by the change in enthalpy and the change in entropy.
• A spontaneous process occurs with a decrease in free energy.
• The free energy change for a reaction can be calculated from the temperature and the concentrations and stoichiometry of the reactants and products.
• Biochemists define standard state conditions as a temperature of 25°C, a pressure of 1 atm, and a pH of 7.0.
• Organisms are nonequilibrium, open systems that constantly exchange matter and energy with their surroundings.
• Enzymes increase the rates of thermodynamically favorable reactions.

18. Entropy Increases

19. Spontaneity Depends on
Enthalpy & Entropy

20. Energy Flow in an Open System
Biosphere:
Energy Flow in an Open System

21. Chapter 1 Thermodynamics Checkpoints
• Summarize the relationship between energy (U), heat (q), and work (w).
• Restate the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
• Use the analogy of a china cabinet to describe a system with low entropy or high entropy.
• Explain why changes in both enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) determine the spontaneity of a process.

22. Chapter 1 Thermodynamics Checkpoint s:
• What is the free energy change for a reaction at equilibrium?
• Write the equation showing the relationship between ΔG° and Keq.
• Write the equation showing the relationship between ΔG, ΔG°, and the concentrations of the reactants and products.
• Explain how biochemists define the standard state of a solute. Why do biochemists and chemists use different conventions?
• Explain how organisms avoid reaching equilibrium while maintaining a steady state.
• How do enzymes affect the rate and free energy change of a reaction?