1. History 17C The American People, World War I to the Present 1

2. From New Cold War to New World Order 2

3. Themes: In the 1980s the Cold War sharply intensified, only to come to a rapid and stunning end at the close of the decade, leaving the United States as the sole remaining superpower 3

4. Themes: The manner in which the United States waged the late Cold War, and consolidated its position immediately after the Cold War ended, stimulated new and unexpected challenges to American power in the world, helping to create the turbulent era in which we find ourselves today 4

5. In early years of presidency, Reagan denounced Soviet Union as “evil empire” and launched massive military buildup 5

6. 6

7. 1981— Reagan proposed “zero option”: if Soviets removed their intermediate-range (SS-20) missiles from Eastern Europe, US wouldn’t deploy its own intermediate-range (Cruise and Pershing II) missiles in Western Europe SS-20 missiles Pershing II and Cruise missiles 7

8. SS-20 missiles Pershing II and Cruise missiles Soviets rejected “zero option” 8

9. Early 1980s—Reagan’s Cold War policies provoked major protests 9

10. Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars” 10

11. Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars” 11

12. 1939 12

13. Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars” 13

14. Summer 1983—Soviets shot down Korean passenger plane, killing 269 14

15. Fall of 1983—the most dangerous moment in the new Cold War 15 Ronald ReaganYuri Andropov

16. 1979—Soviet Union had invaded Afghanistan 16

17. 1980s—CIA worked covertly with Saudi and Pakistani governments to recruit young men from across Muslim world to join Mujahidin resisting Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 17

18. Stinger Missiles 18

19. 1980s—Osama bin Laden took part in effort to oust Soviet Union from Afghanistan—was working in parallel with US 19

20. Turnover in the Kremlin Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982 20

21. Turnover in the Kremlin Yuri Andropov 1982-1984 21

22. Turnover in the Kremlin Yuri Andropov 1982-1984 22

23. Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985 23

24. Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985 24

25. Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985 25

26. Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985 26

27. Turnover in the Kremlin Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991 27

28. Gorbachev recognized dire state of Soviet economy and society 28

29. Gorbachev recognized dire state of Soviet economy and society Pushed for perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) 29

30. November 1985— Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva 30

31. November 1985— Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva No major agreement but meeting was hopeful sign 31

32. October 1986— Reagan and Gorbachev met again in Reykjavik, Iceland 32

33. October 1986— Reagan and Gorbachev met again in Reykjavik, Iceland Talked about banning all nuclear weapons in 10 years’ time 33

34. But deal fell through when Reagan refused to give up SDI 34

35. Fall 1986—Reagan administration’s secret dealings with Iran, and diversion of money to contras, became public knowledge 35

36. 36

37. Early 1987—Gorbachev rescued Reagan by accepting Reagan’s old “zero option” 37

38. Reagan at the Berlin Wall, June 1987 38

39. December 1987—Gorbachev came to Washington and signed Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty with Reagan 39

40. November 1988— Vice President George H. W. Bush was elected president 40

41. November 1988— Vice President George H. W. Bush was elected president Upon taking office, slowed down pace of rapprochement with Soviet Union 41

42. But Gorbachev forged ahead to end Cold War 42

43. 1989—Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan 43

44. Stunning events in Eastern Europe in 1989 44

45. Stunning events in Eastern Europe in 1989 November—Berlin Wall came down 45

46. 1989-1991—Soviet Union faced severe economic conditions; Gorbachev’s reforms allowed citizens freedom to examine and discuss economic problems, but couldn’t solve those problems 46

47. Boris Yeltsin emerged as challenger 47

48. December 1991—Yeltsin met with leaders of Ukraine and Belarus and formed Commonwealth of Independent States, effectively abolishing Soviet Union 48

49. Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 49

50. Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 50

51. Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 51

52. Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 52

53. Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 53

54. During Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Saddam Hussein

55. When Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian soldiers and Iraqi Kurdish civilians, US criticized Iraq, but only mildly

56. 1990—bitter dispute arose between Iraq and Kuwait Saddam Hussein 56

57. August 1990—Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, subjecting it to brutal occupation 57

58. President Bush reacted cautiously at first 58

59. Margaret Thatcher and George H. W. Bush... but quickly decided that invasion must not stand 59

60. Summer 1990—Bush got UN Security Council to pass resolution demanding Iraqi withdrawal 60

61. Summer-Fall 1990—Bush lined up diverse coalition of countries prepared to enforce resolution 61

62. Massive multinational force materialized in Saudi Arabia 62

63. November 1990—UN Security Council passed resolution authorizing use of force against Iraq if it didn’t withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991 63

64. January 17, 1991—After UN deadline passed, Bush launched air war against Iraq (“Desert Storm”) 64

65. Damage to Iraqi Infrastructure 65

66. February 1991—Coalition launched ground war against Iraqi forces 66

67. Iraqi forces quickly capitulated 67

68. Casualties of war 68

69. Casualties of war 69

70. In wake of victory, Bush’s approval rating shot up to 89 percent 70

71. March 1991—Two separate Iraqi rebellions, by Shia in south and Kurds in north, broke out 71

72. Saddam crushed both rebellions, creating huge refugee crisis 72

73. US military declared “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq, creating safe havens for Kurds and Shia, respectively 73

74. Saddam Hussein remained in power in Baghdad 74

75. Early 1990s—Bin Laden turned against Saudi regime because it allowed US troops to occupy Saudi Arabia

76. Bill Clinton vs. George H. W. Bush, 1992 76