1. Components of the CNS

2. Components of the PNS

3. Brain Spinal cord Enclosed in meninges

4. Everything except brain and spinal cord Axons, dendrites, ganglia

5. Components of the ANS

6. Which lobes and their functions? 1 2 3 4

7. Parasympathetic Sympathetic

8. 1.Parietal lobe – motor, initiating actions 2.Frontal lobe – personality, planning, long term processes, decisions 3.Occipital lobe – vision 4.Temporal lobe – hearing, speech, music

9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

11. 1.Postcentral gyrus (sensory area) 2.Precentral gyrus (motor area) 3.Central sulcus 4.Lateral Sulcus 5.Frontal pole 6.Frontal lobe 7.Motor speech area 8.Temporal pole 9.Temporal lobe 10.Pons 11.Cerebellum 12.Occipital lobe 13.Occipital pole 14.Parietal lobe 15.Medulla oblongata

12. 1.Interventricular foramen 2.Massa intermedia 3.Choroid plexus 4.Thalamus 5.Parieto-occipital sulcus 6.Pineal body 7.Cerebral aqueduct 8.Cerebellum 9.4 th ventricle 10.Median aperture 11.Medulla oblongata 12.Pons 13.Midbrain 14.Hypothalamus 15.Anterior commissure 16.Fornix 17.Septum pellucidum 18.Corpus callosum 19.Cerebrum

13. How many neurons in the somatic PNS?

14. How many neurons in the visceral PNS?

15. 1

16. 2

17. When are the parasympathetics on? What are their functions? Where is it found? What kind of outflow is it?

18. When are the sympathetics on? What are their functions? Where are they found? What kind of outflow is this?

19. Always on (unless sympathetics are) Vegetative functions – respiration, peristalsis, heart rate, glandular secretion Smooth muscles and organs only Cranio-sacral outflow (4 CNs, 3 sacral nn.)

20. Always off unless there is a “threat” Fight or Flight – increase HR, RR BP; decrease peristalsis, reproduction, digestion Found everywhere there is a blood supply Thoraco-lumbar outflow (T1-L2  sympathetic chain)

21. What is a neuron?

22. What does somatic efferent do? What does somatic afferent do?

23. Cells that are specifically adapted to transmit information by electrical signal or chemical signal

24. Efferent: controls striated muscles Afferent: Receives information from body wall and outside world into the CNS

25. What does visceral efferent do? What does visceral afferent do?

26. Bone layers of the skull

27. Efferent: controls smooth muscle & glandular secretion Afferent: Receives information from organs and tissues into the CNS

28. 1.Outer table – very dense, hard bone 2.Diploe – spongy bone, soft, vascular 3.Inner table – very dense, hard bone

29. What are the two parts of the skull?

30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

31. Neurocranium – bony shell surrounding the brain and meninges Viscerocranium – facial skeleton; bones arise from pharyngeal arch precursors

32. 1.Parietal bone 2.Occipital bone 3.Temporal bone 4.Mastoid process 5.Styloid process 6.Zygomatic arch 7.Sphenoid bone 8.“Pterion” 9.Frontal bone

33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

34. Cranial Fossa and their borders 1 2323

35. 1.Frontal bone 2.Parietal bone 3.Occipital bone 4.Bregma 5.Coronal Suture 6.Sagittal suture 7.Lambdoid suture 8.Lambda

36. 1.Anterior – Posterior border of lesser wing of sphenoid bone and sphenoid limbus 2.Middle – Petrous ridges of temporal bones and clinoid processes of occipital bone 3.Posterior

37. What cranial nerves go through each cranial fossa?

38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39. Anterior: – Cribiform plate – CN I Middle: – Optic canal – CN II, opthalamic a. – Superior Orbital fissure – CN III, IV, V1, VI, opthalamic vv. – Foramen rotundum – CN V2 – Foramen ovale – CN V3 – Foramen spinosum – middle meningeal a. Posterior: – Internal auditory meatus – CN VII, VIII, labyrinthine a. – Jugular foramen – CN IX, X, XI, superior jugular bulb – Hypoglossal canal – CN XII – Foramen magnum – spinal cord, meninges, CSF, spinal aa. & vv., vertebral aa.

40. 1.Foramen cecum 2.Cribiform foramina 3.Anterior & Posterior ethmoidal foramina 4.Optic canal 5.Superior orbital fissure 6.Hypophyseal fossa 7.Foramen rotundum 8.Foramen spinosum 9.Foramen ovale 10.Foramen lacerum 11.Internal acoustic meatus 12.Jugular foramen 13.Hypoglossal canal 14.Foramen magnum 15.Groove/hiatus of greater petrosal n. 16.Cerebellar fossa 17.Brain markings 18.Frontal crest

41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

42. 1 5 2 3 4 ? 6

43. 1.Supraorbital foramen 2.Frontal bone 3.Superior orbital fissue 4.Zygomatic bone 5.Maxilla 6.Posterior and anterior ethmoidal foramina 7.Optic canal 8.Ethmoid bone 9.Lacrimal bone 10.Infraorbital foramen

44. 1.Frontal bone 2.Ethmoid bone 3.Lacrimal bone 4.Maxilla 5.Nasal bone 6.Maxilla Green ring: supraorbital foramen Blue circles: posterior & anterior ethmoidal foramina Red circle: lacrimal canal Orange circle: infraorbital foramen

45. What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

46. What two muscle bellies are found on the skull? What connects them?

47. S – skin C – CT (dense) A – aponeurosis L – loose CT P - pericranium

48. Frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis Epicranial aponeurosis

49. What innervates the anterior muscles of the scalp? What innervates the posterior muscles of the scalp?

50. Are cranial vv. deep or superficial? Where do they drain?

51. Anterior: CN V Posterior: Spinal nn. – Greater occipital – Third occipital – Lesser occipital – Great auricular – Posterior & anterior rami

52. Superficial Jugular v.

53. What vv. connect the skull veins to the dural sinuses?

54. Where do lymph nodes first appear in the skull?

55. Emissary vv.

56. At the “collar” area

57. What kind of scalp cuts gape the worst?

58. What do skull fractures tend to do?

59. Coronal cuts

60. Coup-countrecoup fractures