2. Plant Structures, Reproduction, and Responses

3. What are the 2 Types of Plants? BRYOPHYTES Mosses, liverworts, hornworts NO tissue to transport water and nutrients NON Vascular TRACHEOPHYTES Vascular plants Have tissue for transporting water and nutrients

4. What is Vascular Tissue? F unction: to transport water and nutrients between roots, stems, and leaves 2 Types: Xylem: transports water from roots to shoots Phloem: transports sugar from leaves to roots (and the rest of the plant) Like our circulatory system Stem Cross-Section

5. What are the organs of the plant? Roots Stems Leaves

6. What kinds of roots are there? STRUCTURE: Taproot – long, thick root that is the main root of the plant Fibrous roots – many, smaller branching roots

7. What are the functions of Roots? Anchor the plant to the ground Absorb water and minerals Store sugars or starches

8. What are the functions of the Stem? Growth of the plant, including production of leaves, branches, and flowers Support – stems hold leaves up to the light Transport of water and sugars between the roots and leaves

9. What are the functions of the leaf? Photosynthesis – plant cells use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Transpiration – water is pulled from the roots and stems of the plant as it evaporates from the surface of the leaves Gas exchange – leaves take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen and water vapor into the air

10. What are the Parts of a Leaf? blade: the flat part of the leaf that catches sun Petiole: the thin stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem

11. Important Leaf structures Stomata / Stoma Stomata / Stoma Pores on the undersides of leaves Pores on the undersides of leaves Control transpiration rate and allow gas exchange Control transpiration rate and allow gas exchange Guard cells are specialized cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata Guard cells are specialized cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata

12. Draw and label this in your journal.

13. What are some examples of Modified Leaves? Tendrils Succulent Storage Leaves Spines Bracts

14. What is a Conifer? Plants that produce seeds in cones No fruit = “Naked seed”

15. What are Angiosperms? Flowering plants Flowering plants Produce seeds inside fruit Produce seeds inside fruit

16. What are the 2 types of Flowering Plants? Monocots Contain one seed leaf D icots Contain TWO seed leaves

17. What is a Cotyledon? The seed leaf (inside the seed) One cotyledon (seed leaf) Two cotyledons (seed leaves)

18. What are flowers? Modified leaves that are for sexual reproduction Modified leaves that are for sexual reproduction

19. draw and label flower in your journal

20. What is the Pistil : Female Reproductive Structure  stigma receives the pollen from the anther  pollen grows a tube down through the style  ovary produces females gamete and protects developing seed Draw this in your journal

21. What is the Stamen? Male Reproductive Structure  anther produces pollen  pollen - male gamete, powder  filament is a stalk that supports the anther Draw this in your journal

22. What is Pollination? The transfer of pollen from a stamen to a pistil

23. What are some Methods of Pollination? Wind Wind Water Water Gravity Gravity Insects/animals Insects/animals

24. What is Fertilization? 1.Pollen lands on stigma 2.Travels down style 3.Joins with ovule 4.Ovary becomes fruit 5.Seeds develop inside fruit The union of the pollen and ovule

25. What are the steps of fertilization? 1.Pollen lands on stigma 2.Travels down style 3.Joins with ovule 4.Ovary becomes fruit 5.Seeds develop inside fruit Draw this in your journal

26. What are Tropisms? A plants’ growth in a certain direction in response to a stimuli

27. What are the types of tropisms? Phototropism - growth towards light Geotropism – response to gravity Roots toward gravity (+) Stems and leaves away from gravity (-) Hydrotropism – growth towards water ! Thigmotropism – response to TOUCH!

28. What are some Plant Hormones? Auxins – controls growth and cell elongation, inhibits lateral (side) growth, stimulates root growth Cytokinins – stimulates cell division, opposite of auxins Gibberellins – stimulates growth and stimulates seed germination Abscisic Acid – slows or stops cell division (growth), promotes seed dormancy Ethylene – stimulates fruits to ripen, causes leaves to fall in autumn