1. Ch. 29: World War I

2. Section 1: Marching Toward War 4 long-term causes

3. 1. Nationalism -Devotion to the interest and culture of one’s nation Led to increased competition Some groups wanted independence Ethnic Serbs in Austria-Hungary

4. 2. Imperialism Empire building Colonies provided resources and markets More competition

5. 3. Militarism Growth of 1. and 2. led to bigger militaries Militarism By 1890- Germany strongest British had strongest navy 1897- German Kaiser Wilhelm II builds up navy

6. 4. Alliance System By 1907- 2 defense alliances in Europe 1.Triple Entente- France, Britain, Russia 2.Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy

7. Assassination Leads to War Balkan Peninsula ◦“powder keg of Europe”

8. Sarajevo, Bosnia; June 1914- Archduke Franz Ferdinand Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

9. Assassination Leads to War Alliance system goes into affect Germany declares war on Russia and France Germany invades Belgium ◦Britain declares war on Germany and Austria- Hungary

10. Fighting Starts Schlieffen Plan Allies- Britain, France, Russia Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire By 1915- standstill

11. American Neutrality 1914- no reason to get involved Divided loyalties Economic ties Allies needed supplies from U.S.

12. America Gets Involved 2 major reasons 1.Ensure Allies could repay debts 2.Protect U.S. shipping from Germans

13. British Blockade Mined entire North Sea 750,000 Germans starved to death German counterblockade ◦U-boats ◦May 7, 1915- U-boat sinks British Lusitania ◦1,198 killed (128 Americans)

14. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare August 1915- British Arabic (2 Americans) March 1916- French Sussex Germany makes deal with U.S.

15. America Gets Involved Wilson called for “league for peace” January 31, 1917- Germany resumes unrestricted sub. warfare Zimmermann telegram Germany sinks 4 American merchant ships March 1917- Russian Revolution April 1917- U.S. declares war

16. Committee of Public Information Propaganda Promoted patriotism Increased hatred of certain ethnic groups

17. Anti-Immigrant Hysteria Germany and Austria-Hungary Anything German was bad and done away with “liberty measles” “Salisbury steak” or “liberty sandwich” “Liberty cabbage” “Liberty pups”

18. American Troops Fight 1917- Russia out of war U.S. shifted balance ◦Allies go on offensive

19. End of the War November 3, 1918: Austria-Hungary surrenders German soldiers start mutiny Nov. 9- socialist leaders create German republic ◦Kaiser gives up throne

20. Armistice 11 th hour, 11 th day, 11 th month of 1918 ◦Germany agrees to cease-fire and signs truce to end war

21. The Final Toll 22 million ◦+half civilians 20 million wounded 10 million refugees $338 billion

22. Wilson’s Plan January, 1918- Versailles, France 14 Points ◦1-5: changes to prevent future war

23. 14 Points 1. no secret treaties 2. Freedom of seas 3. Foster free trade 4. Reduce arms 5. Colonial policies should consider interests of colonial peoples

24. 14 Points 6-13: changing boundaries ◦Self-determination 14: create international organization ◦League of Nations ◦Address diplomatic crises

25. Allied Response Allied leaders vengeful towards Germany Central Powers not at peace talks “Big Four”- U.S., Britain, France, Italy Allied rejected Wilson’s 14 Points

26. Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 Created 9 new nations ◦Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Shifted boundaries Ottoman Empire divided, given to Britain and France

27. Treaty of Versailles Germany can’t have army Give land back to France War reparations ◦$33 billion

28. Treaty of Versailles 3 big problems 1.Humiliated Germany ◦War-guilt clause ◦Couldn’t pay reparations 2.Russia excluded from peace talks ◦Wanted to regain lost territory 3.Ignored colonized peoples’ call for self- determination

29. Legacy Return to normalcy ◦Massive loss of life ◦Political instability/violence ◦Soviet Union established ◦Militant fascism grew in Italy, Spain, Germany

30. Legacy “the war to end all wars”