2. Project : ORNITHOPTER Submitted By: ZAINAB EJAZ BSE-2014-027 Submitted To: MA’AM SUMAIRA SHAUKAT Fatima Jinnah Women University Bachelors in Software Engineering 17/01/2015

3. An ornithopter (from Greek ornithos "bird" and pteron "wing") is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings. Designers seek to imitate the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects. Though machines may differ in form, they are usually built on the same scale as these flying creatures.

4. Leonardo Davinci 1485 First conceptualizations of practical winged mechanical flight. Not practical for a working device Design for the flapping mechanism comes close to maximizing the efficient use of human power.

5. The first ornithopters capable of flight were toys built in the late 19th century in France. Piloted ornithopters Large-scale, piloted ornithopters were first developed in the early 20th century. Categories: engine powered human powered.

6. Most orithopters are about the size of small birds. Larger, man-carrying models have been attempted, but so far without proven success. Airplane-sized ornithopters have accelerated to takeoff speed on a runaway, but full takeoff has never really been successful. Bird-sized model ornithopters are cheaply available and used by hobbyists worldwide. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ORNITHOPTER

7. No practical ornithopter has yet been built big enough for people to fly in. Though a team at the University of Toronto has been making progress since the 1970's. In 2006 made the first short flight of a full-size manned ornithopter. Other successful efforts have been made since the 1870's.

8. When a bird is gliding, it flies the same way as an airplane. There are three important motions in addition to the bird's forward motion: 1. Flapping This is motion at shoulder point. By flapping its wings down, together with the forward motion of the body, a bird can tilt the lift of its wings forward for propulsion.

9. 2. Twisting Twisting increases toward wing tip mostly during upstroke in the direction of a positive angle of incidence and during the down stroke in the direction of a negative angle of incidence. Twisting allows each part of the wing to keep the necessary angle relative to the airflow. If part of the wing is angled lower than the airflow, there might not be enough lift. If part of the wing is pointed too high, there could be a lot of drag.

10. 3. Folding It helps birds fly with less effort. In the up stroke, the wing is going up, the lift vector points backward. The upstroke actually slows the bird down! By folding its wings (decreasing the wingspan) a bird can reduce drag during the upstroke.

11. The basic operating principle of a flapping wing defined by Otto Lilienthal (1889) is: "All flight is based upon producing air pressure, all flight energy consists in overcoming air pressure."

12. The full-scale ornithopter is an engine powered aircraft that carries one pilot. All of the thrust and nearly all of the lift is created by the mechanical flapping of the ornithopter's wings. The two wings of the craft are joined by a centre section which is moved up and down by pylons connected to the drive train. The wings also passively twist in response to the flapping. Twisting is required only to prevent flow separation on sections along the wing.

13. Today, ornithopter designs are still on the minds and the drawing boards of imaginative people determined to achieve the old dream of flight with flapping wings. Project Ornithopter Project Ornithopter vehicle flew for 14 seconds at an average speed of 88 km/h, in the process traveling a third of a kilometer. RC ornithopters are a relatively new addition to the world of radio control flying.

14. Unmanned Aerial Systems In the burgeoning field of unmanned micro air vehicles, ornithopters have found a niche for which they are especially well suited. Low aeroacoustic Signature. Efficient operations at low Reynolds numbers combined with the ability to fly by thrust alone. Micro-sized aircraft

15. VSTOL Applications Very Short Take Off and Landing (VSTOL) Flapping wing designs have the potential to drastically change how Very Short Take Off and Landing (VSTOL) aircraft are utilized. High speed subsonic flight. Ornithopter development will continue well into the future.

16. Inspired by nature, ornithopters were long considered the only viable means by which man could achieve the freedom of flight that proved so elusive. Ornithopters occupy the rare position of being critical to the formative stages of aviation as well as to its future. The ornithopter has emerged as a kind of technological chimera, combining seemingly incongruous elements to resolve the needs of the ever-developing science of aviation.