1. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner Project Engineer

2. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array SKA-low: end-to-end HPC HPC … Switch Buffer store Correlator Beamformer UV Processor HPC BulkStore HPC Switch Buffer store Beamforming Maser M&C Signal & Data Transport Central Signal processor Science Data processor Telescope Manager Scientists ! Power Cooling Infrastructure LFAA Low frequency Aperture Array

3. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array SKA1-low requirements Frequency: 50MHz – 350MHz (or 500MHz…) Bandwidth:300MHz Sensitivity : 1000m 2 /K (110–350MHz) Polarisation: Dual (of good quality) Beam size:>5° (no beam stitching) Frequency: 50MHz – 350MHz (or 500MHz…) Bandwidth:300MHz Sensitivity : 1000m 2 /K (110–350MHz) Polarisation: Dual (of good quality) Beam size:>5° (no beam stitching) Scan angle: >45° # of beams:>5 Configuration:50% <600m radius 75% <1km radius 95% <3km radius 3 spiral arms of 50km Data rate:~8Tb/s (total) Scan angle: >45° # of beams:>5 Configuration:50% <600m radius 75% <1km radius 95% <3km radius 3 spiral arms of 50km Data rate:~8Tb/s (total)

4. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Technical implementation Antenna: Log Periodic No. of ant.:131,072 (2 17 ) Ant. Spacing, min:1.5m (av. ~1.9m) Station size: 256 antennas ~40m dia. No. of stations: 512 Antenna: Log Periodic No. of ant.:131,072 (2 17 ) Ant. Spacing, min:1.5m (av. ~1.9m) Station size: 256 antennas ~40m dia. No. of stations: 512 Signal transport:Analogue fibre Processing: Digital Sample res.:8-bit Grouping:16 antenna per Tile Data routing:Switched network Signal transport:Analogue fibre Processing: Digital Sample res.:8-bit Grouping:16 antenna per Tile Data routing:Switched network This is real!

5. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array A Station… Antenna A “Station” – 256 antennas (beams sent for processing) A “Tile” – 16 antennas (processed in one module) Low Frequency AA: 512 Stations Antennas in a random pattern Min. ant. spacing: 1.5m ~40mdia.

6. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array System architecture o/e.. Spectral filters Beamforming e/o Tile Processing module, TPM o/e … ADCs COTS Data Network MCCS Monitor, Control & Calibration Servers Central Processing Facility To Correlator RF over Fibre LNA e/o Screened Processing Facility SKALA Antenna Arrays … Power & interface …… TPM Remote Processing Facility … To Telescope Manager

7. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Antenna - SKALA

8. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Antenna Power Interface Unit

9. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Processing Facility & fibre ingress

10. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Outline rack design PSU and cooling POWER DIST. FANS TPM CLOCK DIST. PIPES DIST. FANS TPM 40Gb SWITCH FANS TPM CLOCK DIST. PIPES DIST. FANS TPM Double sided racks Water cooled using building circulation 64 TPMs per rack, 128 in the system Power, Clocks and timing circulated

11. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Tile Processing Module, TPM

12. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Analogue WDM optical TPM sub-systems

13. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Verification System 2016/17 Test overall system Deployment at the SKA site 400 Antennas 25 TPMs 6km Fibre Under construction

14. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array MFAA Preview…

15. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array MFAA Preview…

16. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Proposed MFAA architecture o/e.. Spectral filters 1 st Beamforming e/o Tile Processing module, TPM o/e … ADCs COTS Data Network o/e 2 nd Beamforming e/o o/e … MCCS Monitor, Control & Calibration Servers Station Proc. Module, SPM o/e 2 nd Beamforming e/o o/e … Processing Facility To Correlator Station Proc. Module, SPM AJF: 24 April 2015 RF over Fibre Fibre Mux LNA e/o Screened Processing Facility Sparse Antenna Arrays

17. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array LFAA Industry opportunities

18. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array LFAA Industry opportunities Subsystem# in LFAAComments Antenna physical131,072Mechanical components of antenna. Ant. “Pyramid”131,072LNA, analogue components, optical, testing APIU512Linear power supplies, connectors, distribution Fibre links512Fibre cables up to 10km long TPM: Analogue8,096Optical, analogue, low power TPM: Digital8,096ADC, FPGA, high performance Racks128Power, clock distribution, cooling Data network>256Switches, 36 port 40+Gb/s MCCS64Servers – HPC SoftwareFPGA, control software Processing facilities1 CPFLarge screened, cooled facility InfrastructureTrenching, leveling, installation etc

19. Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Any Questions…?