1. ENTRY Task Take out your homework  Supranational Organizations  Criticisms of Supranational Organizations Discuss the organizations your researched at your table.  Be prepared to share some of the information your learned. Take out 4 different colored pencils (or get some from the drawer in front)

2. HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=HC 83KGOUEDG Case Study: The Ukraine

3. UNIT 4 – POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Geopolitical Theories

4. Objectives Content: We will be able to explain how geopolitical theories can be used to explain the power relationships between states. Language: We will be able to diagram geopolitical theories on a map and describe what we drew in a conversation.

5. Geopolitics The study of power relationships past, present, and future Branch of political geography that considers the strategic value of land and sea area in the context of national economic and military power and ambitions

6. Alfred Thayer Mahan: 1890 Sea power is necessary to facilitate trade and peaceful commerce The country that possessed power would be one that could control the sea Development of a strong navy was an essential ingredient to a power state as was the country’s location Most powerful country would have an accessible and large coastline and good harbors Power held north of the Panama and Suez Canals

7. Organic State Theory – Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) Later Geopolitik – Karl Haushofer (1920s) Sees states as living organisms To prolong its existence states require nourishment (food) States will atrophy (die) if confined within permanent boundaries & deprived of overseas domains Nourishment is provided by acquiring territory of less powerful competitors Example of environmental determinism

8. Organic State Theory - Ratzel Contributed to the expansionist Nazi philosophies of the 1930s For a time after association with Nazi powers, geopolitics was a negative term; over time it has emerged as positive term

9. Organic State Theory - Ratzel

10. Heartland Theory – Halford Mackinder (1904) Convinced that land superiority was the key to world power (NOT SEAS)  Maritime exploration was coming to a close and land based transportation technology was expanding “Pivot area” of world stretched from Eastern Europe to Siberia (Eurasia) “Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland… Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island… Who rules the World Island commands the World.”

11. Heartland Theory - Mackinder

12. Origin 1922-1991 Suggested that the empire of the world would be in sight if one power or a combination of powers (Russia/Germany or China/Japan) came to control the Heartland Originally when this was proposed it was not applicable because Russia was weak and Eastern Europe fractured After the emergence of the Soviet Union and WWII the theory was taken seriously Heartland Theory

13. Heartland Theory - USSR

14. Rimland Theory – Nicholas Spykman (1944) Argued that the Eurasian rim held the key to global power The rimland is fragmented zone and unlikely to fall under one superpower as the heartland might Contains dense populations, abundant resources, and controlling access both to sea and the continental interior

15. Rimland Theory - Spykman The rimland had tended throughout history to be politically fragmented and Spykman concluded that it would be to the advantage of both the US and USSR if it was kept that way A divided rimland was the key to the world’s balance of power “Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia… Who rules Eurasian controls the destinies of the world.”

16. Rimland Theory – Spykman

17. Three Empire Theory – Donald Meining The Land EmpireThe Sea EmpireThe Settlement Empire Where?Spain to MexicoPortugal to BrazilEngland to USA What?Spaniards went through and raided the natives for goods. Portuguese got the goods that they did not have cheaply from Brazil. English let the US develop, and then they started to drastically tax them. How?It involves conquest by force. Armies will attack, pillage, and plunder their way through another land, taking resources by force. “MIGHT MAKES IT RIGHT” It is used to control the power of the sea. Settlements are set up very close to land. People may be escaping from their country. An example is the 13 colonies which became the United States.

18. WITH THE PEOPLE AT YOUR TABLE DISCUSS THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THE FOLLOWING GEOPOLITICAL THEORIES: -ORGANIC STATE -HEARTLAND -RIMLAND -THREE EMPIRES Pause and Review!

19. MODERN GEOPOLITICS

20. Domino Theory Cold War and Eastern Europe  Destabilization from any cause in 1 country can result in the collapse of order in a neighboring country leading to a chain of events that affect adjoining states in turn  Korea (1950)  Vietnam (1964)  Afghanistan (1980)

21. Domino Theory President Eisenhower Speaks Out Against Communism  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1N1_JGG4XX8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1N1_JGG4XX8 Domino Theory – Presidents’ Perspective  Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP9QDRDLw6c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP9QDRDLw6c

22. Containment Theory U.S. saw USSR as owning the Heartland – key to protecting the Rimland Engage in several regional alliances to prevent the spread of communism throughout Rimland  NATO (with Europe)  CENTO (with Asia)  SEATO (with SE Asia) Leads U.S. into conflicts to stop Rimland dominoes from falling to USSR (Korea, Vietnam, Central America)

23. Containment Theory

24. Cold War World

25. Homework Read Blij Chapter 7 – “Interpreting Terrorism’s Geographic Manifestations” Complete Reading Assignment Quiz on Tuesday, December 15