1. Cold War Continues Political Relationships Nuclear Weapons Cuban Missile Crisis Domino Effect Vietnam Military ties International Policy

2. Political Relationships Cold war tensions impacted Canada/US relations -Leaders did not get along Diefenbaker and Kennedy did not like each other President Johnson treated Pearson with contempt Trudeau could not tolerate Nixon Differences obvious during the Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam

3. The Nuclear Issue of whether or not Canada should accept nuclear weapons on its territory1963 Minister of External AffairsThe Defense Minister felt that Canada should be non-nuclear -Argued it was hypocritical to urge the UN to work for disarmament while allowing them on Canadian soil Insisted that nuclear weapons were vital in protecting Canada against communist aggression

4. Cuban Missile Crisis: Origins Story 1959 Cuban rebels led by Fidel Castro overthrew the pro-US dictator Batista The US reacted by imposing trade sanctions on Cuba Also, the US supported the attempt of Cuban exiles to overthrow the Castro government in the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba In turn, Cuba asked the USSR for support

5. Cuban Missile Crisis 13 day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba -President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev USSR Installed offensive nuclear missile bases in Cuba -Direct threat to US security The US launched a naval and air blockade of Cuba -US and NORAD forces readied for war

6. Cuban Missile Crisis Khrushchev refused to remove the missiles and put armed forces on full alert -Soviet ships move to intercept US blockade Last minute Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile bases in exchange for a promise that the US would not invade Cuba US ending embargo with Cuba 2016

7. Cuban Missile Crisis Power Players

8. Canada and the Cuban Missile Crisis US expected unconditional support from Canada -Diefenbaker was a Nationalist Did not want Canada dragged into US conflict for US interests Sent a fact finding mission to Cuba to verify US surveillance Refused (at first) to put Canada’s NORAD forces on alert Refused to allow US planes with atomic weapons on Canadian soil

9. The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize or interfere within lands in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. -Justification for interfering in Cuba

10. Domino Effect The domino theory, which governed much of U.S. foreign policy beginning in the early 1950s, held that a communist victory in one nation would quickly lead to a chain reaction of communist takeovers in neighboring states.

11. Vietnam War (1954-75) Vietnam was almost divided in half -North Vietnam had a non- radical communist government -South Vietnam had a sham democracy dictatorship supported by the US A brutal war that was fought for the wrong reasons, led to war crimes, and created a hostile communist government

12. US Involvement in the Vietnam War The United States government used the domino theory to justify its support of a non- communist regime in South Vietnam against the communist government of North Vietnam -Sent 317 000 troops by 1966 -As of January 15, 2004, there are 1,875 Americans still unaccounted for

13. Canada’s Response to Vietnam As the war ragged on, Canadians turned away from US policy Most opponents of the war were students Did not send troops, but many did join the fight voluntarily Pearson spoke out against US bombing campaigns Anti-draft groups formed and aided draft resisters Accepted 50000 refugees

14. Vietnam Impacted the World 1 st war recorded by television and the public watched -the massacre of Vietnamese civilians by US troops in the village of My Lai - North Vietnam attacks and US retreating - countless soldiers getting maimed and dying, and villages being bombed -Protests in South Vietnam and US

15. Vietnam Resistance Movement Massive numbers of anti-war protests in response to the war crimes, death tolls, lack of justification, and the draft in Canada and the US Protests in South Vietnam against the dictatorship sponsored by the US and to US involvement Draft resistors opposed the war and fled to Canada

17. End of the War 1969 Nixon took office and pledged to pull out troops Americans troops left in 1973 2 years later a massive military offensive by the North crushed the Southern forces -New communist regime was brutal, but it was an effect of years of fighting. It attacked those who did not support the new regime

18. Boat People Vietnamese who took to the ocean in tiny overcrowded ships were dubbed the "boat people.“ The survivors sometimes languished for years in refugee camps. The luckier ones were taken in by countries like Canada. -50,000 settled in Canada.

19. Does this issue remind you of anything relevant today?

20. Trudeau Stands Up to US Policy Trudeau wanted to chart a course in foreign policy that was less dependent on US policy New policy signaled in 1970 when Canada officially recognized the communist government of the People’s Republic of China -Made sense to Canada as China was a major purchaser of wheat and other goods

21. Trudeau Reduces Nuclear Arms In an effort to reduce cold war tensions, Trudeau took steps to reduce participation in the arms race 1.1970-72 Canada’s NATO forces gave up nuclear missiles in Europe 2.Bomarc missile sites dismantles and jet fights carry conventional missiles not nuclear 3.National defense budget cut 20%

22. Maintaining Military Ties with US Canada continued to participate in NATO and NORAD alongside the US American vessels and subs armed with nuclear warheads allowed to dock in Canadian ports American branch plants in Canada accepted US defense contracts to develop nuclear technology

23. Bridging the Gap Trudeau government wanted to bridge gaps between poor and rich, east and west in order to promote world peace and prosperity -Called for more aid to poor nations -way to ease cold war tensions

24. Trade and Aid Trade and Aid became to cornerstone for Trudeau’s foreign policy Based on the belief that rich nations of the north should help poorer southern nations develop economies and improve living standards for people

25. Canadian International Development Agency CIDA formed in 1968 to boost foreign aid to less industrialized countries Countries receiving aid would have to agree to use it to buy products manufactured in Canada- tied aid Made up more than half the total development aid Canada gave to developing countries

26. Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty In the 1970s the US and USSR agreed to reduce the number of Nuclear weapons In 1972 they signed the ABTM -AN interim agreement on strategic offensive arms -Marked a breakthrough in superpower relations and the beginning of the end of the cold war

27. 1980 Olympics In 1979 the USSR invaded Afghanistan In protest against the occupation, many western nations boycotted the Olympics held in Moscow -Canada included