1. Lecture 4 Why Some Countries Developed While Others Stayed Poor The Age of Sustainable Development

2. 4.1. Child with Malaria in Ruhiira, Uganda Photo courtesy of Kyu-young Lee.

3. 4.2. Settlements with a population of 500,000 and larger Source: CIESIN–Columbia University, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the World Bank, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical–CIAT. 2011. “Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1): Settlement Points.” Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4M906KR.

4. 4.3. Country’s Average Distance to Major Port Source: McCord, Gordon, and Jeffrey Sachs. 2013. “Development, Structure, and Transformation: Some Evidence on Comparative Economic Growth.” NBER Working Paper No. 19512. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Economic Research.

5. 4.4. Global Coal Reserves Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration.

6. 4.5. World Map, Country Size Proportional to Oil Reserves Source: Environmental Action.

7. 4.6. Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel. 2006. “World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classifi-cation Updated.” Meteorol. Z. 15(3): 259–263. doi: 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.

8. 4.7. Global Stability of Malaria Transmission Source: Kiszewski, Anthony, Andrew Mellinger, Andrew Spielman, Pia Malaney, Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, and Jeffrey Sachs. 2004. “A Global Index Representing the Stability of Malaria Transmission.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70(5): 486–498.

9. 4.8: Global Map of Children per Women (Fertility Rate) 2011 Source: World Bank. 2014. “World Development Indicators.”

10. 4.9. Japan’s Population Pyramid (1950, 2015, 2055) Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (DESA Population Division). 2013. “World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.” New York.

11. 4.10a. PISA Education Rankings in Science (2012)

12. 4.10b. PISA Education Rankings in Reading (2012)

13. 4.10c. PISA Education Rankings in Math (2012) Source: Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development. 2014. PISA 2012 Results: What Students Know and Can Do— Student Performance in Mathematics, Reading and Science (1). PISA: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201118- en.

14. 4.11. Female Members of Rwanda’s Parliament with President Paul Kagame Source: Parliament of Rwanda.

15. 4.12. Global Perceptions of Corruption (Transparency International 2013) Source: Transparency International. 2013. “Corruption Perceptions Index 2013.”

16. 4.13. Public Social Expenditure as Share of GDP Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2013. “Government Social Spending.” PISA: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/socxp-gov-table-2013-1-en.

17. 4.14. Social Expenditures vs. Child Poverty Source: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. 2000. “A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations.” Innocenti Report Card No. 1, June 2000. Florence: Italy.

18. 4.15. Tax Collection as Percent of GDP (OECD) Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2014. “Total Tax Revenue.” Taxation: Key Tables from OECD, No. 2. PISA: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/taxrev-table-2013-1-en.

19. 4.16. Africa’s Railroads (today) & India’s Railroads (1947) Source: India’s railroads: Copyright © Compare Infobase Ltd. Africa’s Railroads: African Studies Center. “Africa’s Railroads.” Michigan State University. http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu.