1. 1 “A picture speaks a thousand words.” Art By Ranjith & Waquas Islamiah Evening College

2. Introduction to Image Processing  What is an Image? An Image is an Array, or a Matrix, of square pixels (Picture elements) arranged in Columns and Rows. 2 : Each pixel has a value from 0 (black) to 255 (white). The possible range of the pixel values depend on the color depth of the image, here 8 bit = 256 tones or grey scales.

3. There are two groups of Images  Vector Graphics (or line art)  Bitmaps (Pixel based images) 3  Some of the most common File formats are:  GIF An 8 – bit 256 colors (Non – destructively compressed bitmap format). It is mostly used for Web.  JPEG A very efficient (i.e. much information per byte). Destructively compressed 24bit (16 Million Colors) bitmap format.  TIFF The Standard 24 bit publication bitmap format. It is a Non Destructively compressed 24 bit bitmap format.  PS Post Script, A Standard vector format. Has numerous sub – standards and can be difficult to transport across Platforms and Operating Systems.  PSD A dedicated Photoshop format that keeps all the information in an Image

4. There are two groups of Colors * RGB 4 * CMYK

5. Fourier Transform : a Review 5  Basic Ideas :  A periodic function can be represented by the sum of Sines / Cosines functions of different frequencies, multiplied by a different co-efficient.  Non periodic functions can also be represented as the integral of Sines / Cosines multiplied by weighing Functions. Joseph Fourier (1768 - 1830)

6. Fourier Transform Basic Functions 6  The Event Function E(x)  [ f(x) + f(-x)] / 2  The Odd Function O(x)  [f(x)] – f(-x)] / 2  The Arbitary Function f(x)  [E(x) + O(x)]

7. Image Enhancement 7 Original Image Enhanced Image  Enhancement: To process an image for more suitable output for a specific application.

8. Image Enhancements  Image Enhancement techniques: Spatial Domain Methods Frequency Domain Methods  Spatial (time) domain techniques are techniques that operate directly on pixels.  Frequency domain techniques are based on the modifying the Fourier Transform of an Image. 8

9. Frequency Domain Filtering 9

10. Edges and transitions (e.g., Noise) in an image contribute significantly to High – frequency content of Fourier Transform. Low frequency contents in the Fourier Transform are responsible to the general appearance of the image over smooth areas. Blurring (Smoothing) is achieved by attenuating range of High – frequency components of Fourier Transform. 10

11. Embedded Image Processing System on FPGA  Abstract The Design of an Embedded Image Processing System (called DIPS) on FPGA is presented. DIPS is based on the Xilinix MicroBlaze 32 – bit soft processor core and implemented in Spartan – 3.  Introduction Today, embedded systems can be Microcontroller-based, DSP based, ASIC based, or FPGA based Systems. Xilinix, a FPGA vendor has provided the MicroBlaze 32 – bit soft processor core which is licensed as part of Xilinix Embedded Development Kit. 11

12. Overview of the Xilinix MicroBlaze The MicorBlaze soft processor is a 32 – bit Architecture. The Backbone of the architecture is a single – issue, 3 stage pipeline with 32 general purpose registers, Arithmetic Logic Units (ALU), a shift units, and two levels of Interrupt. 12

13. Two Memory interfaces of MicroBlaze Processor Local Memory Bus (LMB) Xilinix Cache Link (XCL) Fast Simplex Link (FSL)  The Local Memory Bus is provides a Low latency storage such as interrupt and exception handler  The Xilinix Cache Link is a High performance point – to – point connection to an external memory controller.  The Fast Simplex Link is a simple, yet powerful, yet point – to – point interfaces that connects User – Developed co-processors to the MicroBlaze Processor pipeline. 13

14. Image Processing Vs Computer Graphics There generally is a bit of confusion in recognising the difference between the fields of Image processing and Computer graphics. This two topics will be entirely different, almost the opposite of each other. And a com. graphics is involved with image synthesis, and not recognition or Analysis, as in the case of Image processing. Morphing used in advertisements could be said to be the most commonly witnessed computer graphics technique. Input to an Image processing is always a real image formed via some physical phenomenon such as Scanning, filming, Etc. 14

15. Conclusions… Imaging professionals, scientists, and engineers who use image processing as a tool and wish to develop a deeper understanding and create custom solutions to imaging problems in their field. IT professionals wanting a self-study course featuring easily adaptable code and completely worked out examples enabling them to be productive right away. Image processing using all Programming Languages like, C, C++, Java, Etc. It is used for all fields like, Medical, all Web standards, Etc. The visual system of a single human being does more image processing than the entire world’s supply of supercomputers. 15

16. Queries…….. 16