2. I. 1824-1828: Political Disputes Dominate American Politics A. Election of 1824: A “Corrupt Bargain” 1. James Monroe sought to retire and chose not to run for third term  end of the “Founding Father” generation 2. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) seen as the heir apparent to Monroe

4. 3. Four candidates emerged, representing different regions and factions among the unopposed Republicans JOHN QUINCY ADAMS North WILLIAM CRAWFORD South HENRY CLAY West ANDREW JACKSON West

5. 4. People voted along sectional lines, and no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes  election thrown to House of Representatives (12th Amendment – top three finishers considered)

6. I. 1824-1828: Political Disputes Dominate American Politics A. ELECTION OF 1824: THE “CORRUPT BARGAIN” 1. People voted along sectional lines 2. Andrew Jackson beat John Quincy Adams in popular vote, but did not have enough electoral votes to win 3. Election thrown to House of Representatives (12th Amendment)

7. 4. House of Representatives had choice of Jackson and Adams 5. Henry Clay struck deal with Adams for his support in the House Adams promised to support Clay’s policies Adams promised to support Clay’s policies Clay was promised appointment as Secretary of State Clay was promised appointment as Secretary of State

8. 6. Jackson and Clay’s main disagreement  support for the Bank of the United States JACKSON: Against the Second B.U.S. because it was prejudiced against Southerners JACKSON: Against the Second B.U.S. because it was prejudiced against Southerners CLAY: Supported it; part of American System CLAY: Supported it; part of American System

9. 7. ADAMS WINS! Jackson expected to win and claimed “corrupt bargaining” by Clay 8. Led to split of Democratic Republicans into a new two- party system  Whigs and Democrats

10.   Henry Clay   John Quincy Adams   Daniel Webster LEADERS   Andrew Jackson   Martin Van Buren Upper classes (wealthy and well-to-do) SUPPORTERS Small farmers, city workers, common man Favored strong national government Represented upper classes Bankers, merchants, large landowners Favored American System, national bank, protective tariffs, interest of business BELIEFS Urged greater democracy Opposed an all powerful federal government

12. B. ELECTION OF 1828: “Don’t Call It a Comeback” 1. Jackson sought revenge against President John Quincy Adams  an election pitting the poor man against the wealthy

13. 2. Adams’ Presidency was continuation of strong federal power, but public opinion was against it Adams felt national government should expand education and the arts Adams felt national government should expand education and the arts Common man revolted – it was foolish to spend public money on education and the arts Common man revolted – it was foolish to spend public money on education and the arts 3. Common man dominated election and bought into Jackson’s propaganda about the election of 1824

14. 4. Jackson defeated Adams on the strength of an increase in democracy UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE: New voters – no longer necessary to own land in most states UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE: New voters – no longer necessary to own land in most states Introduction of party nominating conventions Introduction of party nominating conventions POPULAR CAMPAIGNING: Candidates began to direct their campaign toward the people POPULAR CAMPAIGNING: Candidates began to direct their campaign toward the people

15. II. Revolution of 1828: The Jacksonian Age Begins A. An election for the commoners 1. “Old Hickory” was the first President from the West, and the first from a poor family 2. Jackson thought of himself as a man of the common people  climbed the ladder of success, against privileges of the rich

17. B. National politics redefined during Jackson’s Presidency 1. Increases in democracy nationwide New states brought an increased number of elected officials (rather than appointed) New states brought an increased number of elected officials (rather than appointed) Shortened terms of office for local officials Shortened terms of office for local officials Most states eliminated property- owning requirements for voting Most states eliminated property- owning requirements for voting Nominating conventions replaced caucus system for Presidential election process  more active voters Nominating conventions replaced caucus system for Presidential election process  more active voters

18. 2. Jackson’s attempts to redefine Presidency Creation of the “Kitchen Cabinet” Creation of the “Kitchen Cabinet” -Distrusted experienced, elected officials -Relied on old friends and undistinguished men for advice

19. Believed President was a “servant of the people” Believed President was a “servant of the people” Used veto more than any other President Used veto more than any other President Reduced size of federal government by eliminating appointed positions… Reduced size of federal government by eliminating appointed positions… …But started the “SPOILS SYSTEM”: Jackson fired over 2,000 government workers and replaced them with able party supporters …But started the “SPOILS SYSTEM”: Jackson fired over 2,000 government workers and replaced them with able party supporters

20. 3. Jackson and the “Indian Problem” Pushed Congress to pass the INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (1830): Federal government would provide funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Indians to move West Pushed Congress to pass the INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (1830): Federal government would provide funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Indians to move West TRAIL OF TEARS (1831): 800- mile journey westward forced upon Cherokee Nation from Georgia who would not abide by Indian Removal Act  direct refusal to enforce Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia TRAIL OF TEARS (1831): 800- mile journey westward forced upon Cherokee Nation from Georgia who would not abide by Indian Removal Act  direct refusal to enforce Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia

22. 4. Jackson and “Rich Man Economics” Jackson’s election represented the growth of the working class  supporting the common man was his goal Jackson’s election represented the growth of the working class  supporting the common man was his goal Campaign promises revolved around attacking economic policies favored by the wealthy Campaign promises revolved around attacking economic policies favored by the wealthy - PROTECTIVE TARIFF - SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

23. III. Economic Aspects of the Jacksonian Era A. Tariff Dispute 1. TARIFF OF 1816 25% tax on most imported manufactures Tariff supported by most Americans 2. TARIFF OF 1824 Tax on imports raised to over 30% on more goods Southerners opposed the new tariff, but it passed with support from North and West 25% 30% 50%

24. 3. TARIFF OF 1828 Tariff raised even further to 50% tax on imports Called the ”TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS” by Southerners An extremely high tariff passed by Congress that made Southerners very unhappy 25% 30% 50%

25. B. Jackson faced protest from his own staff 1. JOHN C. CALHOUN: Jackson’s Vice President from South Carolina who protested the tariff 2. Southern economy is hurt by high tariff

26. 3. 1828: Calhoun’s argument leads to the South Carolina Exposition and Protest  Calhoun calls for nullification of the tariff The Federal Government was created by the states The Federal Government was created by the states States had the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional States had the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional These laws are then “null and void” These laws are then “null and void” The states could then secede from the Union. The states could then secede from the Union.

27. C. 1830: Protest over tariff debated in Senate  WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATE 1. ROBERT HAYNE: South Carolina Senator who argued for nullification of tariff at Calhoun’s urging Senator Robert Hayne (R-SC)

28. 2. DANIEL WEBSTER: Senator from Massachusetts  Favored federal power  Said federal government was created by people, not states  Also said “only Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional”  Webster said that the states could not secede from the Union  The U.S. government was "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people…" Senator Daniel Webster (R-MA)

29. D. 1832-33: Nullification crisis in South Carolina 1. 1832: New tariff passed (40% tax) that made Tariff of Abominations seem cheap 2. Nullification protest from South Carolina reached its final stage Calhoun continued to argue in favor of nullification against Jackson’s wishes Jackson against horrible tariff, but also against nullification theory and Calhoun  Jackson supported supremacy of federal law over state actions

30. 3. On Calhoun’s advice, South Carolina voided the tariff and threatened secession 4. Jackson responded with an offer of peace and a threat ○ TARIFF OF 1833: Compromise tariff designed by Henry Clay to automatically lower tariff over next ten years ○ FORCE BILL: Congress gave Jackson the power to send troops to South Carolina to enforce the tariff 5. Compromise settled tariff issue, but not issue of states’ rights

31. E. Bank dispute continues… 1. 1832: Second Bank of United States rechartered (given approval to operate) without support of Jackson and the common people 2. Jackson’s issues with the Bank of the United States Bank prejudiced against poor farmers from South and West Opposed printing of paper money – only coining of gold and silver should be allowed  specie Jackson vetoed the recharter after reelection in 1832 over Henry Clay  BUS was a major issue of the election of 1832

32. 3. 1836: Jackson created many economic problems through his issuance of the Specie Circular Jackson instructed federal agents to only accept land payments in gold or silver (coin or pieces) Wildcat banks established: Jackson crippled the national bank by placing federal money into state banks These state banks made unwise loans to people without collateral Too much paper money circulated by wildcat banks Actions led to depression during Panic of 1837, which Democrats were blamed for

33. D. Elections of 1836 and 1840 1. 1836: Martin Van Buren succeeded Jackson as President  continued Democratic control of White House 2. Democrats are blamed for a short depression in 1837 (Panic of 1837) and Martin Van Buren is defeated by Whig William Henry Harrison in 1840