1. Chapter 8 PHOTOSYNTHESIS BIOLOGY IH MR. SMITH

2. 8.1 Energy and Life Plants and some other types of living organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. Heterotrophs-from food they eat Autotrophs-make their own food (plants)

3. Chemical Energy Adenosin triphosphate (ATP) Consists of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups. Used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.

4. ATP

5. Uses of ATP Protein Production Active Transport Muscle Contraction

6. Storing Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Resembles a partially charged battery Similar to ATP but only has 2 phosphates.

7. Releasing Energy To release energy the cell simply breaks off the third phosphate. “break the bonds”

8. 8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview The key component of energy production in plants is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen.

9. Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts What role do pigments play in the process of photosynthesis? Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with pigments.

10. Light Energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of light. Sunlight is a mixture of different wavelengths, many of which are visible to our eyes and make up the visible spectrum.

11. Light Our eyes see the different wavelengths of the visible spectrum as different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

12. Pigments Plants gather the sun’s energy with light- absorbing molecules called pigments. The plants’ principal pigment is chlorophyll.

13. Pigments The two types of chlorophyll found in plants, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, absorb light very well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum, but not in the green region, as shown in the graph. Leaves reflect green light, which is why plants look green.

14. Pigments Plants also contain red and orange pigments such as carotene that absorb light in other regions of the spectrum.

15. Pigments Most of the time, the green color of the chlorophyll overwhelms the other pigments, but as temperatures drop and chlorophyll molecules break down, the red and orange pigments may be seen.

16. Chloroplasts Photosynthesis takes place inside organelles called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids, which are interconnected and arranged in stacks known as grana.

17. Chloroplasts Pigments are located in the thylakoid membranes. The fluid portion outside of the thylakoids is known as the stroma.

18. Energy Collection Because light is a form of energy, any compound that absorbs light absorbs energy. Chlorophyll absorbs visible light especially well. When chlorophyll absorbs light, a large fraction of the light energy is transferred to electrons. These high-energy electrons make photosynthesis work.

19. High-Energy Electrons What are electron carrier molecules? An electron carrier is a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.

20. High-Energy Electrons The high-energy electrons produced by chlorophyll are highly reactive and require a special “carrier.”

21. High-Energy Electrons Think of a high-energy electron as being similar to a hot potato. If you wanted to move the potato from one place to another, you would use an oven mitt—a carrier—to transport it. Plants use electron carriers to transport high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

22. An Overview of Photosynthesis What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactants) into high-energy sugars and oxygen (products).

23. An Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen.

24. An Overview of Photosynthesis WHY? Plants use the sugars generated by photosynthesis to produce complex carbohydrates such as starches, and to provide energy for the synthesis of other compounds, including proteins and lipids.

25. Light-Dependent Reactions Photosynthesis involves two sets of reactions. The first set of reactions is known as the light- dependent reactions because they require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments.

26. Light-Dependent Reactions The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH. These reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

27. Light-Dependent Reactions Water is required as a source of electrons and hydrogen ions. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

28. Light-Independent Reactions Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and complete the process of photosynthesis by producing sugars and other carbohydrates. During light-independent reactions, ATP and NADPH molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide.

29. Light-Independent Reactions No light is required to power the light- independent reactions. The light-independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids, in the stroma.

30. Compare/Contrast Light Dependent In thylakoids Requires light Produce oxygen ATP & NADPH Light-Independent In stroma No light required Produces sugars

31. Light-Dependent Reactions Photosynthesis involves two sets of reactions. The first set of reactions is known as the light- dependent reactions because they require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments.

32. 8.3

33. Investigating Photosynthesis Van Helmont Priestley Ingenhousz

34. Photosynthesis Equation 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER SUGARS + OXYGEN LIGHT

35. Lights and Pigments Pigments-light absorbing molecules. Plants principle pigment is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll-Green Carotenes-Orange Xanthophyll-Yellow Anthocyanin-Red

36. 8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Takes place in the Chloroplast (thylakoid membrane)

37. Thylakoids Photosynthetic membranes Arranged in stacks Organize chlorophyll and other pigments

38. Light-dependant reactions Requires light Use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

39. Light-independent reactions Calvin Cycle Does not require light Uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependant reactions to produce high energy sugars. Takes place in the stroma of the chlorplasts

40. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis Temp Water Light