1. Dr. S. M. Condren Chapter 9 Ionic and Covalent Bonding

2. Dr. S. M. Condren Ionic Bonding electrostatic attraction of ions of opposite charge

3. Dr. S. M. Condren Energetics of Ionic Bonding

4. Dr. S. M. Condren Ionic Radii

5. Dr. S. M. Condren Comparison of Atomic and Ionic Radii

6. Dr. S. M. Condren Ionic Radii

7. Dr. S. M. Condren Transition Metals Ions Cr +3 Fe +2 Co +2 Cu +2 Mn +2 Fe +3 Ni +2 Zn +2

8. Dr. S. M. Condren Shell Model of the Atom G.N.Lewis 1875-1946 American Chemist Lewis Symbol valence shell electrons = Group A #

9. Dr. S. M. Condren Molecular Substances Iodoform Carbon tetrachloride

10. Dr. S. M. Condren Lewis Symbol Sulfur => S Group VIA 6 valence electron

11. Dr. S. M. Condren Lewis Electron Dot Symbols

12. Dr. S. M. Condren Lewis Structures combinations of Lewis symbols which represent possible bonding Octet Rule In compound formation an atom gains or loses electrons, or shares pairs of electrons, until its valence shell has eight electrons.

13. Dr. S. M. Condren Covalent Bonding sharing of electrons H:H H-H

14. Dr. S. M. Condren Potential Energy Curve for H 2

15. Dr. S. M. Condren Lewis Structures CH 4 methane

16. Dr. S. M. Condren Lewis Structures C 2 H 6 ethane

17. Dr. S. M. Condren Multiple Covalent Bonds double bond => 2 pairs shared triple bond => 3 pairs shared normally occurs between: C atoms; N atoms; O atoms; a C atom and a N, O or S atom a N atom and a O or S atom a S atom and an O atom

18. Dr. S. M. Condren Multiple Covalent Bonds

19. Dr. S. M. Condren Lewis Structures CO 2 carbon dioxide

20. Dr. S. M. Condren Lewis Structures CO carbon monoxide

21. Dr. S. M. Condren Exceptions to Octet Rule NOnitric oxide

22. Dr. S. M. Condren Exceptions to Octet Rule expanded octet PF 5

23. Dr. S. M. Condren Exceptions to Octet Rule SF 6

24. Dr. S. M. Condren Delocalized Bonding in Sodium Metal

25. Dr. S. M. Condren Linus Pauling 1901–94 American chemist One of the few recipients of two Nobel prizes. His paper “The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals” won him the 1954 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Won the peace prize in 1962.

26. Dr. S. M. Condren Electronegativity Pauling Scale relative attraction of an atom for electrons, its own and those of other atoms same trends as ionization energy, increases from lower left corner to the upper right corner fluorine: E.N. = 4.0

27. Dr. S. M. Condren Electronegativities of the Elements

28. Dr. S. M. Condren Covalent Bond Properties electronegativity nonpolar bonds => diff. EN = 0 polar bonds => diff. EN > 0 ionic bonds => diff. EN > 1.5

29. Dr. S. M. Condren

30. Compare O-O and O=O. Is O=O expected to be stronger, weaker, or the same strength?

31. Dr. S. M. Condren Is O=O expected to be longer, shorter, or the same length?