1. South Africa and Today’s Issues What are the effects of colonialism on Africa? What are the lasting effects of poor health care, political instability and inadequate infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa? How has political unrest impacted individual countries in Africa?

2. Ancient empires built primarily on the gold trade –Great Zimbabwe – once the capital of the gold trade- 1200s-1400s- abandoned 1450 Established around 1000 A.D. by the Shona people (Bantu speaking people) –Mutapa Empire – extended throughout all of present day Zimbabwe except the eastern part- Shona Legend of Mutota –Decline as a result of Portuguese influence

3. Interference by the Europeans t Zulu controlled a large area of Southern Africa- fought for it –Defeated by the British in late 1800s After defeating the Zulu, the British had other European powers in the area to deal with –Boer War – battle between the British & the Dutch farmers for control of a large part of southern Africa British won & formed South Africa in 1902

4. Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid – banned social contact between whites & blacks –Instituted in 1948- blacks were 75% of pop. –Similar to segregation –1912- ANC established Nelson Mandela – largely responsible for ending apartheid- leader of ANC, imprisoned –Elected president of South Africa in 1994- universal suffrage Klerk elected president in 1989- international pressure to end apartheid Leads to peaceful revolution

5. Economic Geography

6. Today’s Issues in Africa Economic Development –Africa was left in ruin by the colonizing European powers- fostered political instability Only that which helped the Europeans extract resources from the Earth were kept up to date -Last 30 years= decline of average incomes -1% of total world GNP- equivalent to Argentina -Why can’t they grow? –ECOWAS & SADC – neighboring countries working together to promote growth Examples –Removing duties –Forming a common currency

7. Building Industries “One-commodity” countries –What is a Commodity? How do you diversify? Education is the key! Education of women, impact of civil wars Some countries are making huge grains- examples of Algeria and Mauritius Prevent the Brain Drain- International Organization for Migration

8. Health Care in Africa AIDS – Acquired immune Deficiency Syndrome- 70/80- often accompanied by TB Cholera – treatable disease if caught –Caused by inadequate sanitation and lack of a clean water supply Malaria – disease carried by mosquitoes- resistant to standard drugs due to overuse –Marked by chills and fevers that is often fatal Tuberculosis – respiratory infection spread between humans Spraying campaigns, Humanitarian/ Charitable aid, improve health care systems

9. Impact of AIDS in Africa 2000- 2.4/ 3 million Swaziland life expectancy from 58-39 Economic impact? UNAIDS projections Brazilian model- agreement with South Africa Uganda and Senegal have been successful in reducing the spread of HIV & AIDS Education programs have been the first step in the success Same day HIV tests Misleading numbers

10. http://www.ted.com/talks/emil y_oster_flips_our_thinking_on _aids_in_africa.html

11. A World Distorted by AIDS Africa dwarfs other continents in this cartogram, where each country's size reflects the number of people with HIV/AIDS. Southern Africa has been hardest hit—in Botswana one in five people is infected. Number of people worldwide with HIV: 40 million; number in sub- Saharan Africa: 26 million Percent of HIV-positive people age 15 to 49 worldwide: 1.1; percent in sub-Saharan Africa: 8 Number of people in sub-Saharan Africa contracting HIV daily: 8,500; number dying of AIDS daily: 6,300 Number of children under 18 orphaned by AIDS worldwide (as of 2003): 15 million; number in sub-Saharan Africa: 12.3 million Number of HIV-positive South Africans: 5.3 million, more than any other country in the world Percent of pregnant women in South Africa who tested positive for HIV in 2004: 27.9 Number of South Africans needing antiretroviral drugs to prevent progression of the illness and death: 983,000; number receiving medication: 117,000 Annual cost of three-drug, generic ARV regimen per patient in Lusikisiki, South Africa: about $650; cost per patient for ARV drugs in the U.S.: $10,000 to $15,000