1. ‘Landscape of Fear’: How non- consumptive effects are detected across multiple ecological scales Rehage, Kominoski, Swan, Reuss, Schmitt, Keilland, Deegan jkominos@fiu.edu

2. Motivation Matassa and Trussell 2011 Ecology “We suggest that the effects of predation risk on individual foraging behavior may scale up to shape community structure and dynamics at a landscape level.” Laundre et al. 2014 Ecology “We conclude that the landscape-of-fear model does provide reasonable explanations for many of the reported studies and should be tested further to better understand the effects of bottom-up, top-down, and parallel factors on population dynamics.”

3. Questions How do non-consumptive effects of the predation of fear affect herbivore consumptive effects visible at regional scales? – energy flow hypothesis, altered resources and foraging locations How does the landscape of fear exhibit multiple spatial scale effects on heterogeneity? – legacies of altered foraging impacts on populations, communities, ecosystems

4. Questions How does the landscape of fear influence ecosystem resilience? – Changes in negative, stabilizing feedbacks may weaken resilience, leading to potential state changes. – State changes involve changes in trophic dynamics Driver Response Possible hysteresis?

5. Scales & Attributes IndividualPopulationCommunityEcosystemRegional fear/stressdemography Plant community composition Elemental cycling Landscape heterogeneity - gamma diversity, process heterogeneity activity budget age/size distribution Other animal community compositionNPP/R/NEPConnectivity foraging/food intakesex ratio Diversity (functional/struc tural, food webs)Subsidies reproductiondistribution Successional pathways habitat use personality

6. (non)LTER Examples BNZ: snowshoe hare herbivory dynamics across landscape driven by lynx & effects on plant succession MCR: reef sharks influence planktonic-reef nutrient translocation Shark Bay, Australia: sharks influence seagrass N:P stoichiometry KNZ: bison grazing (& fire) effects on succession and NPP Oswald Schmitz – spiders scare grasshoppers Student at KBS is studying this empirically with butterflies.

7. Product Concepts & Synthesis paper in Ecology that includes insights learned from long-term data and LTER site examples. NCO Postdoc Proposal Suggestions? Examples? Participants? engage Jimmy Nelson (Univ. of Louisiana - Lafayette