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Published byCornelia Short Modified over 8 years ago
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Infection Control
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Direct correlation between exposure to microorganisms and disease
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Pathogens Any disease causing microorganisms Non-pathogens Normal body flora Beneficial: maintaining body processes food production Yogurt, sour cream, beer, bread Types of Microorganisms
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Saprophytes Live on dead matter or tissues
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Types of Pathogens Fungi: Molds and yeasts Skin infections: Athlete’s foot Ringworm Thrush
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Types of Pathogens Protozoa: Only group of microbes classified as animals Types of Protozoa: Trichomonas vaginalis Malaria African sleeping sickness
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Types of Pathogens Viruses: Obligate intracellular parasite Cannot reproduce unless inside host cell Receives nutrients from host cell Not susceptible to antibiotics Causes: Varicella (chickenpox) Common cold Herpes
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Bacteria Simple one celled plants that multiply rapidly Bacilli Rod-shaped Have ability to form spores-a protective hard “shell” around a daughter cell Cause: Tuberculosis Whooping cough Hemorrhagic fever
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Shapes of Bacteria Cocci Round shaped Diplococci-occur in pairs Cause: Gonorrhoea Streptococci-occur in chains Cause: Strep throat Staphylococci-occur in clusters most common bacterial infection in humans Cause of nosocomial infections Wound infections Toxic shock syndrome
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Spirals Spirilla Spiral or corkscrew shaped Causes: Syphilis Cholera
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Factors Required for Microbial Growth
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Factors required for microbial growth Warm environment Body temperature Darkness Many killed by sunlight Source of food Moisture and….
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Factors required for microbial growth Varying oxygen needs Aerobic bacteria Live and reproduce in presence of oxygen Anaerobic bacteria Live and reproduce without oxygen
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How Microorganisms Cause Disease
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How microbes cause disease Toxins poisons Allergic reaction Runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing Cell invasion Invades living cells and destroy them
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How Microorganisms Are Spread
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How Microorganisms are spread Direct contact Directly from one person to another Sex, kissing, touching Indirect contact From inanimate object to person Airborne Droplets from sneezing and coughing Droplets of blood and body fluids Insects and pests
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The Chain of Infection
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1st Link- The Infectious Agent Any pathogen
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2nd Link- The Reservoir Organism or environment where infectious agent resides People Equipment Water/Food Carrier Host Shows no outward signs/symptoms of disease, but capable of transmitting disease
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3rd Link- Portal of Exit Route of escape of pathogen from reservoir Examples: respiratory tract gastrointestinal tract genitourinary tract breaks in skin
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4th Link- Route of Transmission Method by which pathogen gets from reservoir to new host Direct contact: Sexual contact Contact blood/body fluids Indirect contact: Objects to person Airborne Insects and pests
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5th Link- Portal of Entry Route which pathogen enters new host Examples: Respiratory tract Gastrointestinal tract Genitourinary tract Mucous membranes Breaks in skin
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6th Link- Susceptible Host Organism that is at risk for infection i.e. a weakened immune system Examples: AIDS pts Pts on chemotherapy Transplant pts Elderly and very young Burn pts
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Breaking the Chain of Infection
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The Infectious Agent Pathogen ID Pathogen ID Prompt treatment Immunization
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Reservoir Host Wash hands Clean uniform Clean equipment Clean environment
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Portals of Exit Wash hands Wear PPE Control body secretions Proper disposal of contaminated objects
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Route of Transmission Route of Transmission Wash hands Wear PPE Proper food handling Isolation precautions
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Portals of Entry Wash hands Wear PPE Proper disposal of needles or sharps Skin integrity Intact skin #1 defense against pathogens
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Susceptible Host Treatment of disease Immunization Intact immune system
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OSHA standards Regarding Blood-borne Pathogens
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Standard Precautions Developed by the CDC Applied to all patients regardless of diagnosis and infection status Use when performing procedures requiring contact with: blood body fluids mucous membranes contaminated items.
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Aseptic Techniques Medical asepsis or clean techniques designed to prevent spread of disease Terms to know: Clean: no pathogens Contaminated: unclean; contains pathogens Sterile: free from all pathogens including spores, virus
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Aseptic Techniques Antiseptic Bacteriostatic substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria Can be used on the skin Alcohol and iodine Disinfectant Bactericidal substances that kill bacteria and most viruses Cannot be used on the skin 10% bleach, chemicals, boiling
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Aseptic Techniques Sterilization Process destroys all microbes including spores This includes steam or gas under pressure using an autoclave, radiation and chemicals
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Aseptic Techniques Surgical asepsis The use of ALL levels of aseptic techniques to prevent introduction of harmful microorganisms into the patient
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Aseptic Techniques Surgical asepsis Be aware of the sterile field Draped in blue Never reach across Never turn back on
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Isolation Used when patient infected with a communicable disease Protects: HCP, other patients, visitors, community Use PPE
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Types of Isolation Airborne Infections spread through air by small droplets containing pathogens Ex: Tuberculosis, Varicella (chickenpox) PPE: surgical masks &/or HEPA-filter masks Negative pressure room
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Types of Isolation Droplet Infections spread through air by large droplets Ex: Pertussis, Influenza PPE: surgical masks w/in 3 ft of patient Glove for environmental contact
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Types of Isolation Contact For patients who are infected or colonized by a pathogen that spreads by direct contact Ex: antibiotic resistant bacteria, RSV, Hepatitis A PPE: gloves, gown when entering; remove before leaving
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Types of Isolation Reverse Protects patients from pathogens healthcare provider or visitors may have Used when patient immune system is suppressed AIDS pts Chemotherapy pts Burn pts Transplant pts
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