2. Formatting - Margins A. Set 1 inch margins at the top, bottom, and on both sides. B. Indent the first word of each paragraph ½ inch from the left margin. C. Indent set-off quotations 1 inch from left margin. The right margin should remain normal.

3. Formatting - Spacing D. Double-space throughout the entire paper, including quotations, notes, outline, and the list of works cited.

4. Heading and Title E. A formal research paper does NOT need a title page F. Beginning 1 inch from the top of the first page and flush with the left margin, type on separate lines and double-space between each line: Your name Your teacher’s name The course Date (Day Month Year)

5. Heading and Title (cont’d) G. Double space again and center the title H. Double space between the title and the first line of text. I. Do NOT underline your title, or put it in quotation marks, or type it in capital letters or boldface type. J. If you include an outline, it should precede the paper itself.

6. Page Numbers K. Number all pages consecutively throughout the research paper in the upper right-hand corner, ½ inch from the top and flush with the right margin. 1. Type your last name before the page number (e.g. Reed 2)

7. Page Numbers (cont’d) 2. Do NOT use the abbreviation p before a page number 3. Do not add a period, hyphen or any other mark or symbol L. Position the 1 st line of text 1 inch from the top of the page M. Number your outline pages with lowercase Roman numerals beginning with i

8. Paraphrase vs. Direct Quotation  There are 2 ways in which to share information:  Quote the source directly – Include the EXACT words of the author and put quotation marks around them  Paraphrase the source – Use your OWN words to restate the author’s ideas  IN EITHER CASE, YOU MUST CITE YOUR SOURCE WITH AN IN-TEXT CITATION AND CORRESPONDING WORKS CITED ENTRY

9. EXAMPLES – In-text citations Example A  "There are two basic types of sociodramatic play training: outside intervention and inside intervention" (Christie 29).  By putting the author's last name, Christie, and the page number, 29, in parentheses after your quotation about play training, you are telling the reader where you found this information. Example B  Christie states that "there are two basic types of sociodramatic play training: outside intervention and inside intervention" (29).  Because you have mentioned the author's name in your sentence, you do not have to repeat it in the parentheses. Example C  Margaret Sanger was thought to be primarily responsible for the introduction of birth control in this country (Kennedy 251).  or  David Kennedy says that Margaret Sanger was primarily responsible for the introduction of birth control in this country (251).  Sentences in your own words about the idea(s) of an author are treated in much the same way. Here there are no quotation marks because you are describing an author's idea, not quoting word- for-word. This is called "paraphrasing" and is as important to cite correctly as if it were a direct quote.

10. In-text Citations - what to cite 1. The EXACT sources of ALL research info must be identified, whether it is a direct quotation, paraphrased, or summarized in your own words. 2. Give the author’s last name followed immediately by the page number(s). EXAMPLE – (Martinez 78-79)

11. In-text citations – how to cite 3. If you have mentioned the author’s name in the essay, fairly close to the citation, give the page number(s) only. EXAMPLE (78-79)

12. In-text Citations – how to cite 4. If there are 2 or 3 authors, list each of their last names EXAMPLE (Leung and Whitfield 2-5) (Jones, Smith, and Renkov 95) 5. If there are more than 3 authors, use the Latin abbreviation et al. (and others) following the author’s last name. EXAMPLE (Schwartz et al. 61-63)

13. In-text Citations – how to cite 6. Internet resources have no page numbers. a. If an author’s name is given, use that. EXAMPLE (Wilson) b. Otherwise, use the organization or website’s name. EXAMPLE (History Online) 7. In other cases, use the title, heading, or key word. EXAMPLE (“War of 1812”) (“Architecture”)

14. In-text citations – how to cite 8. Use COMMON SENSE to determine what to use in a citation. a. Choose the name, word, or phrase that will allow the reader to easily identify the source in your list of Works Cited. 9. KEEP CITATIONS BRIEF AND SIMPLE!

15. In-text Citation – Paraphrase 1. When you paraphrase, the citation follows immediately, BEFORE end punctuation.  EXAMPLE – The loss of the Franklin Expedition was largely due to the failure of the English explorers to adapt to the severe northern conditions and to provision their ships properly for the long Arctic winters (Parker 54 -55).

16. In-text Citation – Direct quotation 2. If you use a brief (short) direct quotation, place the citation AFTER the closing quotation marks but BEFORE the end punctuation  EXAMPLE – The expedition was “doomed from the start by the cavalier attitudes characteristic of the British navy in Franklin’s time” (Singh and Johnson 77).

17. Works Cited A. The list of works cited is the last page of your paper. B. The works cited page is numbered in the same manner as the other pages. (LAST NAME pg number) (Reed 5)

18. Works Cited C. Center the title (Works Cited) 1 inch from the top margin. D. Double-space throughout the ENTIRE page (each line, not each entry). E. Begin each entry flush with the left margin. F. If the entry runs more than 1 line, indent additional lines 5 spaces.

19. Works Cited G. Single-space between words and after punctuation marks in a works cited entry. H. List each entry alphabetically by the author’s last name. If there is no author listed, use the first word of the title (disregard A, An, The)

20. Works Cited – sample entry Journal article on the Web MacLean, A. Peter, and Peters, Ray Dev. “Graduate Student Couples: Dyadic Satisfaction in Relation to Type of Partnership and Demographic Characteristics.” Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 17.1 (1995): 13 pars. 22 April 2004.

21. Works Cited – sample entry  Image from the Web Wallen, Ruth. If Frogs Sicken and Die, What Will Happen to the Princes? Bus Image 11. 1999. Green Museum, Corte Madera, CA. 4 April 2003.

22. Sample Works Cited Page Works Cited Anderson, Kelli. "Seven Tips About Portable Generators." Consumer Reports 01 Nov 1999: Vol. 10, 87-89. Deel, Daniel, and Mark Donnelly. Medieval Furniture: Plans and Instructions for Historical Reproductions. New York: Stackpole, 1999. "Poverty in the United States." www.census.gov. 01 Sep 2006. U.S. Census Bureau. 03 Mar 2007.

23. Electronic Resources  There are links to citation websites on the media center webpage.  Use these resources:  http://citationmachine.net/ http://citationmachine.net/ OR  http://easybib.com/ http://easybib.com/