1. Morphology Study of word making

2. Morphemes  2 kinds of morphemes: a. Free morpheme: can be used by itself Ex. “what is that?” “dog” b. Bound morpheme: cannot be used by itself Ex. “how many dogs are there?” *“–s”

3. Word formation processes  Affixation  Compounding  Reduplication  Alternations  Suppletion

4. Affixation A bound morpheme attaches/interjects the root (or stem) of a word to form a new word.  Prefix  Suffix  Infix  Circumfix

5. 4 kinds of affixation a. Prefix unhappy b. Suffix walked c. Infix Fillipines (Tagalog) -um- is a infinitivizer sulat “write” sumulat “to write” d. Circumfix Fillippines (Tuwali Ifugao) ka -- an is a nominalizer baddang “v. to help” kabaddangan “n. helpfulness”

6. Prefix Examples Latin  ab-‘away from’  ad- ‘to, towards, near’  ambi- ‘both’  circum- ‘around’  con- ‘with’  contra- ‘against’  endo- ‘within’  epi- ‘on, upon’  extra- retro- ‘outside, beyond’  semi- ‘half’  sub- ‘under, below’  super-, supra- ‘above, upper’ Greek  a-, an- ‘negative’  anti- ‘against’  apo- ‘away from’  di- ‘two, twice, double’  dia- ‘’through’  ecto- ‘outside’  exo- ‘outside, outward’  para-‘along side of’  syn- ‘with’

7. Compounding Putting two free morphemes together whíte hóuse Whíte House blue berryblueberry Tom boyTomboy

8. Reduplication Repeat a morpheme to form a new word Indonesian (singluar vs. Plural) anak ‘child’ anakanak ‘children’ orang ‘person’ orangorang ‘people’ ibu ‘mother’ibuibu ‘mothers’ Japanese (noun vs. adverb/adjective) toki ‘ time’tokidoki ‘sometimes’ iro ‘color’iroiro ‘variety of…’

9. Alternations Change a sound (sounds) within a word manmen goosegeese foot feet runran holdheld

10. Suppletion Completely irregular or unrelated to the root to form (usually) a small class of words English copula verb‘be’ is/are/was/were go/went

11. Derivation of words How do you think words are put together? reconstruction

12. Derivation of words You have to think about…  Grammatical category  Typical behavior of morphemes How to approach?  Separate the word into morphemes  Word making process is always one step at a time  some morphological restrictions (i.e., you cannot randomly attach morphemes=a certain order to form a word)