1. Détente and Europe: 1963-1984

2. Détente Détente = A lessening of tensions in the Cold War. After the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1963, many countries pulled back from confrontation to reduce the chances of nuclear war.

3. Détente Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963): Prohibited testing in outer space, in the atmosphere, and underwater. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1964): Nations agreed not to develop nuclear weapons. Nations such as France, China, India, Pakistan, and other nations refused to sign.

4. U.S. and U.S.S.R. Influence Western European nations became less dependent on the U.S. (especially France). The Sino-Soviet Split (the worsening of relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War) allowed many Eastern European states more autonomy.

5. U.S. and U.S.S.R. Influence The People’s Republic of China exploded a nuclear bomb in 1964, changing the balance. The bipolar U.S.- Soviet global rivalry moved into a multi-polar balance of power.

6. Better U.S./Soviet Relations 1963 -- Hot line: A “hot line” was installed so that the U.S. president and Soviet premier could defuse a potential crisis.

7. Better U.S./Soviet Relations Also called Moscow- Washington Hotline or the “Red Telephone” Kennedy and Khrushchev were often forced to communicate through public broadcasts during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

9. Better U.S./Soviet Relations In 1963, the U.S. agreed to sell large quantities of wheat to the Soviet Union. This new trade relation would expand to include other goods.

10. Better U.S./Soviet Relations Tourism was encouraged. Cultural exchanges. Bolshoi Ballet & Louis Armstrong

11. The Common Market in Europe European Economic Community (EEC) est. 1957. Renamed the European Community (EC) in 1993 via the Maastricht Treaty. Lasted until 2009 – replaced by the EU (European Union). Worked to end tariffs between member nation (economic integration) and create a free flow of trade = common market.

12. The Common Market in Europe Members: France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark joined in 1973; Greece in 1981. The EEC helped continue the postwar recovery and break Western Europe’s economic dependence on the U.S.A.

13. Charles de Gaulle President of France,1958-69 Wanted to end Western Europe’s political dependence on the U.S. Encouraged France to develop nuclear capability. Tested bomb in 1960.

14. Charles de Gaulle Began withdrawing French troops from U.S.- dominated NATO in 1959: All French removed by 1967. Demanded that all NATO troops leave France.

15. Charles de Gaulle Envisioned France as the head of the Third Force that would stand between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. De Gaulle never realized his goal and resigned in 1969.

16. The Soviet Union Khrushchev was ousted from power in 1964 and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev. His rule is known as The Brezhnev Era, 1964-82.

17. Soviet Union: Brezhnev The Brezhnev Era (1964-82) was characterized by: Military spending remained top priority. Put an end to Khrushchev’s “de-Stalinization” campaign. Economic and political decline: corruption, favoritism, and alcoholism increase. Had a stroke in 1976 but continued to rule until 1982.

18. Soviet Union: Andropov and Chernenko Between 1982-85, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko both die in office.

19. Eastern Europe: Czechoslovakia Many Eastern European countries attempted to gain some level of autonomy during the 1960s: Czechoslovakia tried to adopt liberal reforms. The “Prague Spring” of 1968 hoped to produce a more humane socialism.

20. Czechoslovakia The Soviet Union invaded and Alexander Dubček resigned: The Soviet invasion involved about 500,000 Warsaw Pact troops and was remarkably well-planned and executed. Only a handful of soldiers died. More than 80 Czechoslovak citizens were killed and several hundred wounded during a month of clashes following the invasion.

21. Germany and Détente Willy Brandt: Chancellor of West Germany (1969-74). Proposed Ostpolitik (“east politics”) A hand offered to the East: “Change through Rapprochement” = establish cordial relations. In 1972, East and West Germany recognized each other and were both admitted to the U.N.

22. U.S. and China Richard Nixon became president in 1969 and wanted to ease cold war tensions; relied on diplomatic skills of Henry Kissinger. Chinese/U.S. relations improved.

23. U.S. and China Improvements: In 1971, Henry Kissinger secretly visited China. In 1971, the U.N. expelled Taiwan (China) and seated the People’s Republic of China; the U.S. did not veto. In 1972, Nixon traveled to Beijing to meet Mao and made recognition an official and public act. Before leaving he was given two giant pandas, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling.

24. Ping Pong Diplomacy The two countries established cultural, economic, and diplomatic relations: U.S. Ping Pong team visits China. U.S. ends restrictions on travel to China; ends trade embargo. Agreed to the “One-China Policy” (since 1945): Taiwan was part of China.

25. Détente Agreements Nixon and Brezhnev signed a series of agreements: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT). Suspended the building of ICBMs + capped the number of a variety of weapons.

26. Détente: SALT The two rounds of talks and agreements were: SALT I (1972) and SALT II (1979). These bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involved the US and the USSR on the issue of armament control. SALT II would not be completed because the USSR would invade Afghanistan in 1980.

27. Détente: ABM ABM Treaty (Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - ABM Treaty or ABMT) (1972). Between the USA and the USSR. Limited the deployment of antiballistic missiles; designed to destroy incoming missiles/missile- delivered nuclear weapons.

28. Détente: Helsinki Helsinki Agreements/Accord (1975) 33 European nations plus the U.S. & Canada ratified the results of WWII (territory/boundaries, sovereignty, self-determination).

29. The Watergate Scandal Richard Nixon (Republican) became President in 1968. His first term was consumed with the Vietnam War.

30. The Watergate Scandal As the 1972 election was approaching five men working for the Republican Party were arrested for breaking into the Watergate Hotel (headquarters for the Democratic Party).

31. Watergate These men had attempted to place “bugs” in the Democrat offices. Even though Nixon was easily re-elected, this scandal started a process in which the worst abuses of the executive level of the US government were exposed.

32. Watergate (continued) The whistleblowers included Mark Felt (“Deep Throat”) and Bob Woodward. The investigation became much larger then the original break in: The subsequent investigation by the FBI connected the men involved to the 1972 Committee to Re-elect the President by a slush fund (a corrupt reserve fund).

33. Watergate (continued) In the end many high ranking Nixon advisors were arrested and jailed. Nixon himself was finally implicated in the cover up of this scandal and as the impeachment process was beginning in August of 1974, he resigned. This scandal is without a doubt the largest (exposed) scandal in American political history.

34. Cruise Missile A cruise missile is a guided missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system, usually a jet engine, to allow sustained flight; it is essentially a flying bomb. Cruise missiles are generally designed to carry a large conventional or nuclear warhead many hundreds of kilometres with high accuracy.

35. Cruise Missile During the Cold War period both the US and the USSR experimented further with cruise missiles, deploying early cruise missiles from land, submarines and aircraft.

36. Strategic Defence Initiative The Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) was created by U.S. President Ronald Regan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the US from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defence rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD).

37. SDIO The Strategic Defence Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the US Department of Defence to oversee the Strategic Defence Initiative.

38. “Star Wars” It was soon derided as (nicknamed) Star Wars. A global shield such as "Star Wars" was not only impossible with existing technology, but that ten more years of research was needed to learn whether it might ever be feasible.

39. MAD Mutual Assured Destruction or MAD (1945) a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy. According to MAD the full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender, becoming thus a war that has no victory nor any armistice but only total destruction.

40. MAD MAD is based on the theory of deterrence according to which the deployment of strong weapons is essential to threaten the enemy in order to prevent the use of the same weapons.

41. Economic Problems In 1974-75, an increase in food and petroleum prices combined with an economic recession to create severe inflation in Western Europe.

42. Political Problems Conservative governments: Helmut Kohl becomes Chancellor of West Germany in 1982. Margaret Thatcher becomes Prime Minister of G.B. in 1979.

43. Political Problems Socialist governments: Francois Mitterrand elected President of France in 1981.

44. Collapse of Détente By the late 1970s, the optimism that the Cold War had virtually ended had faded. The continued Soviet military buildup and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979/80 soured relations with the U.S.

45. Collapse of Détente As a result the U.S: Failed to ratify the 1979 SALT II Treaty. Boycotted the Olympics in Moscow in 1980. Placed an embargo on U.S. grain shipments to the Soviet Union.