1. The New Landscape

2. Urban areas continued to grow… Result: Working class became numerous and with voting reforms, politically powerful. Demanded attention. Issues: Housing and sanitation.

3. Growth of Cities Mass urban migration from rural towns swelled the populations in cities. London 1800: 960,000 London 1900: 6,500,000

4. Problems Cholera Small pox Sanitation

5. Government Response Health codes and inspections. Running water. Sewage systems – “ From the toilet to the river in half an hour.”

6. Effects More people could live in close proximity to one another. More factories built, more people move to cities.

7. Social Structure Society was divided into classes: 1. Poor 2. Lower middle class 3. Middle class 4. Upper middle class 5. Rich Middle Class Lower Middle Class Working Classes Upper Middle Class Blue collar = factory jobs white collar = professionals

8. Wealthy Elite

9. Women Educated to be mothers and wives. Legally inferior to their husbands. 2 nd Industrial Revolution changed the roles and expectations of women.

10. Changing Roles… Not enough men for emerging white collar jobs, so employers turned to women. Clerks, typists, secretaries, sales, etc. Women working outside the home; Led to fewer children per woman.

11. Women cont… Smaller families = Improved economic conditions. Birth Control Victorians created many Christmas traditions: tree, presents, songs, etc.

12. Working Class Women Worked to support their families. $$ Childhood ended when you were 9-10 for boys and girls alike.

13. Women’s Rights Feminism: Movement for women’s rights. 1. Property rights (1870) 2. Access to universities. 3. Jobs (Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton – Nursing) Suffrage: Voting rights. “Suffragettes”

14. Education and Leisure Universal Education: 1870 to 1914 Ages 6-12 required to attend. Why require it? 1. Jobs and voting 2. Overall increase in literacy led to mass media like newspapers. Parks, dance halls, sports, fairs. Overall there was more “free time” Need for entertainment.