1. Ecosystems The Living World Unit

2. Members of an Ecosystem Eukaryotic cells (have nucleus) Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus/bacteria) Different Species Within a specific range/distribution Direct or indirect interactions among populations ALL ecosystems make up Earth’s Biosphere

3. Solar radiation Energy in = Energy out Reflected by atmosphere (34%) UV radiation Absorbed by ozone Absorbed by the earth Visible light Lower stratosphere (ozone layer) Troposphere Heat Greenhouse effect Radiated by atmosphere as heat (66%) Earth Heat radiated by the earth It starts with the sun! 1 billionth of sun ’ s output reaches Earth Carbon dioxide, methane, NOx, H2O, O3: natural sources

4. Photosynthesis Formula: Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight  glucose + oxygen CO 2 + H 2 O + solar Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Producers or autotrophs are capable of photosynthesis Chemosynthesis: photosynthesis without sunlight (specialized bacteria can do this) Autotrophs/producers are typically found at the bottom of the “food chain”

5. Who are you calling a Heterotroph? Scavengers –Nutrients from dead and decaying animal/meat Omnivores –Nutrients from both plant and animal matter Carnivores –Nutrients from animals/meat Herbivore –Nutrients from plant material Detritivore –Nutrients from dead organic matter (plant or animal) –Decomposers put nutrients back into ground

6. Mushroom Wood reduced to powder Long-horned beetle holes Bark beetle engraving Carpenter ant galleries Termite and carpenter ant work Dry rot fungus Detritus feedersDecomposers Time progression Powder broken down by decomposers into plant nutrients in soil Detritivores

7. Respiration is more than breathing? Aerobic respiration: making energy in the presence of oxygen Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + H 2 O + energy Anaerobic respiration: energy gained in absence of oxygen. By products include methane gas, acetic acid This process was taking place in waste water treatment plant!

8. Heat First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Solar energy Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Heat Types of Consumers

9. Ecological Efficiency Ecological efficiency: useable energy that is passed along from one trophic level to the next. Typical is 10% efficient (90% of energy is lost) Top carnivores Carnivores Herbivores Producers 5,060 Decomposers/detritivores 20,810 3,368 383 21

10. Heat First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Solar energy Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Heat Food Chains

11. Humans Blue whaleSperm whale Crabeater seal Killer whale Elephant seal Leopard seal Adélie penguins Petrel Fish Squid Carnivorous plankton Krill Phytoplankton Herbivorous zooplankton Emperor penguin Food Webs

13. Figure 4-28 Page 76 Precipitation Transpiration from plants Runoff Surface runoff Evaporation from land Evaporation from ocean Precipitation Ocean Surface runoff Groundwater movement Condensation Infiltration and Percolation Water Cycle

14. Diffusion Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water Marine food webs Marine sediments, including formations with fossil fuels Combustion of fossil fuels sediments death, sedimentation uplifting over geologic time sedimentation photosynthesis aerobic respiration Carbon Cycle

15. photosynthesis aerobic respiration Terrestrial rocks Soil water (dissolved carbon) Land food webs Atmosphere Peat, fossil fuels combustion of wood sedimentation volcanic action death, burial, compaction over geologic time leaching runoff weathering Carbon Cycle Combustion of fossil fuels

16. NO 3 – in soil Nitrogen Fixation (Legumes) Fertilizers Food Webs On Land NH 3, NH 4 + in soil 1. Nitrification bacteria convert NH 4 + to nitrate (NO 2 – ) loss by leaching uptake by autotrophs excretion, death, decomposition uptake by autotrophs Nitrogen Fixation bacteria convert N 2 to ammonia (NH 3 ) ; this dissolves to form ammonium (NH 4 + ) loss by leaching Ammonification bacteria, fungi convert the residues to NH 3, this dissolves to form NH 4 + 2. Nitrification bacteria convert NO 2 - to nitrate (NO 3 - ) Denitrification by bacteria Nitrogenous Wastes, Remains In Soil Gaseous Nitrogen (N 2 ) in Atmosphere NO 2 – in soil Nitrogen Cycle © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

17. Nitrogen Ways nitrogen gets INTO ground Ways nitrogen leaves ground: Lightening Decomposition Nitrification (legumes) Fertilizer Leaching Denitrification Use by autotrophs Harvesting/removal of crops

18. GUANO FERTILIZER ROCKS LAND FOOD WEBS DISSOLVED IN OCEAN WATER MARINE FOOD WEBS MARINE SEDIMENTS weathering agriculture uptake by autotrophs death, decomposition sedimentation settling out weathering leaching, runoff DISSOLVED IN SOIL WATER, LAKES, RIVERS uptake by autotrophs death, decomposition mining excretion Phosphorous Cycle uplifting over geologic time

19. Phosphorous Ways phosphorous gets INTO ground Ways phosphorous leaves ground: Guano Phosphate salts Fertilizer Decompositions weathering Uptake by autotrophs Use in food chains and webs Sedimentation/rock cycle

20. Sulfur Cycle Sulfur Hydrogen sulfide Sulfate salts Plants Acidic fog and precipitation Ammonium sulfate Animals Death, decay Metallic sulfide deposits Ocean Dimethyl sulfide Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur trioxide Sulfuric acid Water Ammonia Oxygen Volcano Industries

21. Sulfur Ways sulfur gets INTO ground/atmosphere Ways sulfur leaves ground: Fertilizer Volcanoes Hot springs Factory emissions Uptake by autotrophs Use in food chains and webs Sedimentation/rock cycle

22. Succession Ecological Succession- gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community

23. Primary Succession Occurs on a surface where NO ecosystem existed before Rocks, cliffs, sand dunes, new volcanic islands, glacier exposure

24. Primary Succession Pioneer species: the first organisms to colonize any new area and begin ecological succession (lichens and mosses) Early succession plant species: grows low to the ground, has a short root structure when it decays, it adds nutrients to the soil (grass) Midsuccessional plants: plants with deep roots (shrubs) Late successional plants: trees and other plant species who can handle shade growth

26. Secondary Succession Occurs on a surface where an ecosystem did exist Caused by human disruption or natural causes (floods, storms, earthquakes, fire) Climax Community: a final and stable community that will remain the same if not disturbed Old field succession: occurs when farmlands are abandoned