1. biospherenervous tissuebrain nucleusbaboonrainforest Nervous systemAnimal Sanctuaryglucose troopneuronproton

2. The Human Body: An Introduction

3. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another –Gross or macroscopic –Microscopic –Developmental

4. Gross Anatomy (macroscopic) Gross anatomy establishes anatomical landmarks and organ positions within the body. Gross anatomy can be viewed with the naked eye. Ever wonder why a head wound bleeds so much?

5. Microscopic Anatomy The study of microscopic anatomical features. Photo taken in SHHS science lab by Mr. Benoit

6. Developmental Anatomy Developmental anatomy looks at how we change over time.

7. Gross Anatomy Approaches Regional Systemic Surface

8. Regional Gross Anatomy– studies all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

9. Systemic Gross Anatomy-studies the body by system

10. Surface Gross Anatomy– study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Upper Right Quadrant, Upper Left Quadrant, Lower Left Quadrant, Lower Right Quadrant. Through umbilicus, middle of sternum. Notice positions are described from perspective of body being studied.

11. Microscopic Anatomy Cytology Histology

12. Cytology – the study of cells Cyto=cell, logos=study of Red Blood Cells & Osteocytes

13. Histology – the study of tissues The study of the organization of tissues. Sample of lung tissue

14. Developmental Anatomy Traces structural changes throughout life Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth

15. Embryology

17. Specialized Branches of Anatomy Pathological anatomy Radiographic anatomy Molecular biology

18. Pathological Anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease Triple coronary bypass to provide circulation to ventricular wall due to arterial occlusion. Cirrhosis (scarring) of liver caused by drug and alcohol abuse.

19. Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans.

20. MRI’s use a powerful magnetic field to align hydrogen atoms in water to view a contrast between soft tissues in the human body.

21. Computed Tomography (CT/CAT) Scans use two dimensional X-rays to create 3-d images of internal structures. Arrow show tumors in liver.

22. Molecular Biology – study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level

23. Physiology

24. Considers the operation of specific organ systems (How things work) Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level

25. Renal Physiology (ren = kidney) How we make pee http://health.howstuffwork s.com/adam-200032.htm

26. Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system ( neuro- = nerve )

27. Cardiovascular (cardio =heart, vascular =blood vessels)

28. Endocrinology (endo =within, crin =secretion)

29. Immunology (immun = not susceptible)

30. Respiratory Physiology (respira = to breathe)

31. Exercise Physiology

32. Pathophysiology

33. Physiology Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains –electrical currents –blood pressure –the way muscle uses bone for movement

34. Question? Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy?

35. Principle of Complementarity Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form

36. Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cellular – cells are made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organismal – made up of the organ systems

37. 1 2 4 5 6 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

38. 1 Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

39. 1 2 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

40. 1 2 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

41. 1 2 4 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

42. 1 2 4 5 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

43. 1 2 4 5 6 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1