1. Respiratory Physiology

2. 4 Parts of Respiration Pulmonary ventilation- air moving into and out of lungs External respiration- gas exchange; blood - alveoli Respiratory gas transport- transport of gases via bloodstream Internal respiration- gas exchange; blood - cells

5. 3D view of moving diaphragm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hp-gCvW8PRY

6. Respiratory Capacities tidal volume- normal quiet breathing, ~500 ml of air (1 pint) into and out of lungs/breath inspiratory reserve volume - more air can be forcibly inhaled than during normal breathing ~2100 — 3200 ml (a 2-3 Liter bottle of soda) expiratory reserve volume- more air can be forcibly exhaled than during normal breathing ~1700 ml residual volume -after forcible exhalation about 1200 ml of air remains in lungs and cannot be voluntarily exhaled = (1 liter bottle of soda) vital capacity total amount of exchangeable air

7. Spirometers…slightly better than ours

8. Gas Exchange Occurs across the alveolar capillary membrane Alveoli – Thin flaps of tissue that are inflated by air – Have holes so air can fill sac if bronchioles are clogged – Produce surfactant – Lined with “dust cells” white blood cells to prevent illness

9. Oxygen Transport in Blood Accomplished via blood – RBC  carry O 2 on hemoglobin – Plasma (liquid part of blood)  has O 2 dissolved in it Works because the likes O 2  high affinity But CO has a higher affinity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LjLFrmKTSA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTMYSGXhJ4E

10. If… Oxygen level are low in the blood  hypoxic Low O 2 can lead to a person becoming cyanotic which causes necrosis

11. CO 2 in blood… When CO 2 enters blood RBC join… Carbonic acid is unstable and breaks into H + & HCO 3 - HCO 3 - is a GREAT buffer… but if too much H+ accumulates…

12. CO 2 in blood… Oxygen transport in blood https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LjLFrmKTSA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d- f3RL0KiUg Page 454 in text book

13. Neural Regulation o f Breathing Rhythm is set by the pons and medulla (parts of the brainstem) – Pons- assists medulla by sending sensory input to the medulla – Medulla- sets basic rhythm 12-18 breaths/min; sends message to diaphragm & intercostals to contract via the phrenic nerve (hiccups) Eupnea- normal breathing (phrenic nerve) Hyperpnea- deeper, more vigorous breathing (exercise)

14. Your Medulla + Alcohol = Alcohol is a depressant Alcohol inhibits the medulla’s function Too much inhibits your reflexes… no gag or cough reflex… don’t drink when passed out!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Wbq2tWomSk

15. Other factors that influence Respiratory Rate 1.Physical factors  Temp, talking, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, exercising 2.Conscious Control  Singing, swimming underwater, swallowing 3.Emotional Factors  Sad  crying, fear, anxiousness 4.Chemical Factors  Many but most important is CO 2 concentration

16. Regulation of Breathing in Controlled Chemoreceptors Chemoreceptors sense a chemical change in blood composition – Inc. or dec. of H+ in blood When an inc. of H+ is detected  medulla to breathes more When a dec. of H+ is detected  medulla breathes less

17. Spirometer Lab Data Class Averages Class Males Females Athletes Non Horn PlayersNon Tidal910 1180820 970835 1150890 ERV2080 26702010 23701950 30502120 IRV1570 18601420 17001380 12001700

18. Respiratory Capacities tidal volume- normal quiet breathing, ~500 ml of air (1 pint) into and out of lungs/breath inspiratory reserve volume - more air can be forcibly inhaled than during normal breathing ~2100 — 3200 ml (a 2-3 Liter bottle of soda) expiratory reserve volume- more air can be forcibly exhaled than during normal breathing ~1700 ml residual volume -after forcible exhalation about 1200 ml of air remains in lungs and cannot be voluntarily exhaled = (1 liter bottle of soda)