1. Chapter 3
The present :
An informed “approach”

2. Content The present : an informed “approach”
1. A PROGRESSION OF METHODS
2. AN ENLIGHTENED, ECLECTIC APPROACH
3. COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING
4. CONCLUSION

3. <A PROGRESSION OF METHODS>
1940 ~ 1950 : Behaviorism
1960s : Cognitive code
1970s : Affective factors
1970 ~1980 : Communicative approach, functions
1980 ~ 1990 : Authenticity, real-world simulation ,meaningful tasks

4. <AN ENLIGHTENED, ECLECTIC APPROACH>
A dynamic teaching
Interaction between approach and classroom practice
   Ex) List of potential choices (page.41)
meaning/grammar, analysis/intuition, accuracy/fluency..
⇒  An eclectic blend of tasks, each tailored for various language learners in multiple contexts

5. < COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING >
Characteristics of CLT
1. All of the components of communicative competence
2. Pragmatic, authentic, functional use of language for meaningful purposes
3. Fluency ≥ accuracy　
4. Use language in unrehearsed contexts
5. Their own learning process through their own styles
   → Autonomous learning
6. Teacher as a facilitator and guide
   → Construct meaning through genuine linguistic interaction

6. <Learner - Centered Instruction>
It can be contrasted with teacher-centered learning
techniques that focus on or account for learners' need, styles, and goals.
techniques that give some control to the student.
curricula that include the consultation and input of students.
creativity and innovation.
a student's sense of competence and self-worth.
It helps to give students a sense of "ownership" of their learning and increase their intrinsic motivation.

7. <Cooperative and Collaborative Learning>
It can be contrasted with competitive learning.
They are a "team".
‣ Advantages for cooperative learning
- promoting intrinsic motivation
- heightening self-esteem
- creating caring and altruistic relationships
- lowering anxiety and prejudice

8. <Interactive Learning>
There are interactive nature in communication.
• pair work & group work
• authentic language in real-world context
• language for genuine meaningful communication
• classroom tasks that prepare them for actual language use "out there"
• spontaneity of actual conversations.
• writing to and for real audiences.

9. <Whole language education >
The wholeness of language as opposed to fragmented language
The interaction and interconnections between oral language and written language
In literate societies, the importance of written code as natural and developmental,   just as the oral code is

10. <Content-based instruction >
The concurrent study of language and subject matter
Increase in intrinsic motivation

11. <Task-based instruction >
The learning process as a set of communicative task 
A special form of technique (Techniques such as grammatical explanation, teacher-initiated questions, and turn-taking form problem-solving task)

12. Make It Happen AN ENLIGHTENED & ECLECTIC APPROACH
Dynamic Teaching : Interaction between approach and classroom practice
ㆍCOMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING
   - All of the components of communicative competence
   - Pragmatic, authentic, functional language use for meaningful purposes
   - Developing linguistic fluency, not just accuracy
   - Using own learning process and learning strategies for autonomous learning
   - A teacher, as a facilitator and guide not bestower of knowledge
   ➜ Make it happen

13. ALM VS CLT
Questions
Which method focuses on structure, form, sounds, native-speaker-like pronunciation?
In CLT, grammatical explanation and translation are accepted?
In ALM, does a teacher matter a student's errors?
In CLT, drilling is NOT absolutely allowed, isn't it?
Which method contends that reading and writing can start from the first day?

14. COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING
Learner- Centered
Instruction
Cooperative & Collaborative Learning
Interactive Learning
Content-Based
Instruction
Whole Language Education
Task-Based
Instruction

15. Unfold your thoughts
Do you believe CLT is a better teaching method compared to ALM?
Why fluency should be considered more important than accuracy? What do you think?