1. Catholic Reformation & Counter-Reformation

2. Two Types of Reform 1)Reform thru STIMULATING NEW SPIRITUAL FERVOR (early-16 th century) 1)Reaction to RISE AND SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM (mid-16 th century)

3. Why did it take soooo long… Those ignorant Popes… – Clement VII is the main culprit Cared more for art and tapestries Switched sides (Charles V vs. Francis I)..oopps Did not want councils – Lose power, prestige, and revenue Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici… Pope Clement VII Pope Leo X with his Cardinal- cousin Medici (on left) Meeting of Francis I and Pope Clement VII in Marseilles 13 October 1533

4. Council of Trent Cardinal Alexander Farnese (Pope Paul III) – Promised change if elected Inquisition of Papal States New Cardinals? – Called Council of Trent (1545-1563) Reform of the Church and reconciliation of Protestants – Not Lutherans or Calvinists – Do councils overrule Papal authority? Pope Paul III The Council in Santa Maria Maggiore church

5. Trent…Good or Bad? Accomplishments: 1) Scripture & tradition have merit 2) Seven Sacraments & transubstantiation 3) Tridentine decrees signed A) Bishops live in dioceses B) No indulgences, pluralism & simony, concubines C) Bishops rule is absolute D) Seminary schools set up (not just for rich but for poor now) E) Tametsi created (no more secret marriage) 4) Reconciliation with Protestant, Lutherans, and Calvinists not achieved Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Marriage, Holy Order, Anointing of the Sick Pontifical College Josephinum

6. Order of Ursuline Nuns Established 1535 by Angela Merici – Combat heresy thru Christian education Educated women – Re-Christianize wives and mothers Had trouble gaining approval or papacy Saint Angela De Merici

7. Society of Jesus Founded by Ignatius Loyola Goal was to “help souls” – Mainly thru education/spying Severe training for monks (2-yrs) Willing to go anywhere and save anyone Very powerful group, well connected St Ignatius of Loyola Father Jacques Marquette with Indians Ad maiorem Dei gloriam “For the greater glory of God”

8. One more shot at heresy Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office – Roman Inquisition (committee of six cardinals) Led by Cardinal Caraffa Used Roman Law – Hearsay evidence, no charges told to accused, torture used – Destroyed heresy in Papal States – No change outside of Papal boundaries Two priests demand a heretic to repent as he is tortured. St. Dominic presiding over an auto-da-fé