1. Chromosomes

2. Prokaryotes (bacteria): One In cytoplasm Circular Eukaryotes: Many In Nucleus Linear

3. -Chromosomes are very long. Bacteria with chromosome released.

4. In eukaryotes, DNA in chromosomes is wrapped around histone proteins to make bundles called nucleosomes. histones nucleosome

5. DNA Replication -process of making a copy of the genome Each strand acts as a template to make a new one. Both strands are copied at the same time, but in the opposite direction.

6. DNA Replication -process of making a copy of the genome Prokaryotes Cytoplasm Eukaryotes Nucleus

7. Replication Close Up Hydrogen bonds broken

8. DNA Replication Product: -2 double stranded chromosomes -half original and half new semi-conservative

9. What enzyme does DNA replication? DNA Polymerase DNA polymerase also edits its mistakes (proofreads) DNA polymerase will fix this

10. What is the function of chromosomes? -control all cell activities -contain genes Genes -DNA base sequences -instructions for controlling the production of proteins

11. How do we get from DNA to protein? -we need to make a disposable copy of the gene Transcription DNA RNA

12. RNA -Made of nucleotides -Ribose not deoxyribose -U, C, G, A not T, C, G, A -Single strand not double strand

13. RNA -ribose -U, C, G,A -single strand -short -disposable

14. DNARNA Building blocksnucleotides Sugardeoxyriboseribose BasesT, G, C, AU, G, C, A Single or Double Stranded? DoubleSingle Long or ShortLongShort PurposePermanent genomeDisposable copy of a gene DNA Versus RNA

15. Transcription -DNA strands separate -RNA polymerase binds to DNA -one strand of DNA acts as a template to make an RNA copy of the gene Gene

16. What’s next for the RNA? RNA is processed and moved first -introns are spliced out -mRNA is moved to the cytoplasm Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

17. Three Types of RNA mRNA – template for making protein rRNA – part of the structure of ribosomes tRNA – small RNA used by ribosomes rRNA -