1. Day 36: Byzantine Empire UNIT 5: MIDDLE AGES

2.  Constantinople (Capital)-Links trade routes  Emperor Justinian, 527-565  Wanted to revive ancient Rome  Hagia Sophia church – “Ancient Wisdom”  Justinian’s Code: Body of Civil Law  Collection of Roman laws, writings, handbooks  Unifies empire  Autocrat: sole ruler w/ complete authority  Wife: Theodora, advisor and politician “NEW ROME” (IN THE EAST)

3.  Peasants = backbone of economy (land, taxes, soldiers)  Trade, gold coin, strong economy  One of strongest military forces in the world  Invasion  Persians, Slavs, Vikings, Huns (600s, 700s)  Defeated by Turks (Ottomans) in 1453 SPE (SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC)

4.  East: Byz Emperor appoints Patriarch over church  Reject Pope  Clergy can marry  Speak Greek, not Latin  Holy Day: Easter, lest emphasis on Christmas  Mosaics of Bible scenes  Churches blend Greek, Roman, Persian etc. BYZANTINE CHRISTIANITY

5.  Dispute over Icons (holy images)  700’s, icons outlawed in Byzantine Empire  Western Christians & Pope angry  Later Byz empress restores icons, resentment towards Pope  1054 leads to Great Schism  East and West Christianity split  Eastern/Greek Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic Church GREAT SCHISM

6.  Crusades: 1090s Byzantine emperor asks West for help to fight Seljuks (Turks) blocking pilgrimage/trade to Jerusalem  Result: 1 st Crusade  4 th Crusade: 1204, Venice merchants send knights to attack Constantinople (trade rivalry)  Crusaders burned/plundered city, sent treasure West  Empire never recovers EMPIRE IN DECLINE

7.  1453: Ottoman Turks (Sunni Muslims) surround capital  Use cannons to attack walls, 2 month siege  Turks led by Mehmet II, renamed city Istanbul  Hagia Sophia turned into a Mosque FALL OF THE BYZANTINES

8.  3 regions, different climates; steppe: treeless grassland  Kiev: center of 1 st Russian state (now Cap of Ukraine)  Ruled by Slavs  Vikings (Varangians) migrate to Russia  862, Rurik (leader), Rus (tribe)  Expand rule to Kiev, Princes rule after death  Greek alphabet adapted to Cyrillic RISE OF RUSSIA

9.  957 Princess Olga of Kiev converts to Byzantine Christianity  Son Vladamir makes Orthodox Christ. State religion  Yaroslav the Wise united Church and State CHRISTIANITY IN RUSSIA

10.  1236-1241 Batu (grandson of GK)  Leads Golden Horde into Russia  Loot/burn Kiev and nearby towns  Golden Horde rules for 150 years  Required tribute, let Princes rule alone  Mongols converted to Islam  Tolerate Russian Orthodox Church  Cut Russia off from contacts with Western Europe  Missed out on rapid advances in arts/sciences MONGOLS!

11.  Ivan the Great: 1462-1505  Unites Northern Russia  Limited power of boyars (Russian aristocrats/landowners)  Referred to himself as tsar  Ivan the Terrible: 1547  Grandson, 1 Russian ruler crowned as “tsar”  Centralized royal power  New laws tie serfs to land  1560 becomes unstable, fits of rage  Organized oprischniki (agents of terror, he controls)  Dress in black robes, ride horses, slaughter rebels IVANS