1. Genghis and Kublai Khan

2. Mongols Pastoralist society Followed seasonal pattern of migration through Eurasian steppes Traded horses for basic items Frequent conflicts between clans-tribes over grasslands and water rights Prided themselves on their toughness Often raided townspeople, breached Great Wall of China

3. Mongol Invasions Genghis Khan – unified Mongols and eliminated other nomadic challenges in Manchuria and the Eurasian steppes Military Strategist Created a elite cavalry force organized into units of 10,000 Used deceptive tactics to engage his opponents Used enemies technology, such as catapults and gunpowder charges Fear and cruelty as a tactic Conquered Jin Empire, Middle East, China, and Russia

4. Genghis Khan

5. Mongol Empire Mongols were tolerant of other religious beliefs Allowed local administrators to continue to govern Mongols often confirmed to the religious beliefs of their conquered cultures Promoted free trade and passage throughout the empire Divided empire into 4 khanates The Great Khan Jagatai or Chaghadai Ilkhans Golden Horde

7. Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan – First foreigner to rule all of China Tolerated Chinese culture Made few changes to Chinese government Built Shangdu Failed to conquer Japan Created a social caste that placed Mongols and Muslims above ethnic Chinese Encouraged foreign trade and spread Chinses innovations Marco Polo – controversial figure, merchant who recants the excesses and beauty of China/Yuan Dynasty

8. Kublai Khan