1. Unit 3 Getting ideas sorted out

2. Erfceedfin Erfceedfin Difference Difference Bites dog man Bites dog man Dog bites man Dog bites man Man bites dog Man bites dog

3. Coherence –one of the most important organisational principle. Coherence –one of the most important organisational principle. Topic sentence—central idea, usually the most general statement sentence. Topic sentence—central idea, usually the most general statement sentence. 1 a complete sentence 1 a complete sentence 2 not merely state a single fact. 2 not merely state a single fact. 3 not too broad or too vague 3 not too broad or too vague Supporting sentence-the specific sentences. Supporting sentence-the specific sentences.

4. Cohesive devices Cohesive devices Listing:Firstly, in the firstly place, finally, my next point is Listing:Firstly, in the firstly place, finally, my next point is Cause and effect: therefore, thus, because, since Cause and effect: therefore, thus, because, since Giving examples: for instance, for example, let’s take… Giving examples: for instance, for example, let’s take… Introducing an idea which runs against what has been said: but, nevertheless, on the other hand, and yet, although, whereas Introducing an idea which runs against what has been said: but, nevertheless, on the other hand, and yet, although, whereas

5. Summing up: to summarise, in other words, to sum up Summing up: to summarise, in other words, to sum up Expressing time: then, next, after that, previously, while, when Expressing time: then, next, after that, previously, while, when Re-phrasing what has already been said: in other words, to put it another way Re-phrasing what has already been said: in other words, to put it another way

6. Expressing a condition: if, unless, assuming that Expressing a condition: if, unless, assuming that Indicating the extension: furthermore, moreover, in addition Indicating the extension: furthermore, moreover, in addition

7. How to write a topic sentence 1. 不用说 ¸… It goes without saying that 子句 = (It is) needless to say (that) 子句 = It is obvious that 子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 1. 不用说 ¸… It goes without saying that 子句 = (It is) needless to say (that) 子句 = It is obvious that 子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. … 是不可能的 ; 无法 … There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving. = There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V. = It is out of the question to V. = No one can V. = We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的 ¸ 成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 2. … 是不可能的 ; 无法 … There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving. = There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V. = It is out of the question to V. = No one can V. = We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的 ¸ 成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.

8. 3. 我深信 … I am greatly convinced (that) 子句 = I am greatly assured (that) 子句 例︰我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 3. 我深信 … I am greatly convinced (that) 子句 = I am greatly assured (that) 子句 例︰我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种 … 之中 ¸… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中 ¸ 我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 4. 在各种 … 之中 ¸… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中 ¸ 我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

9. 5. … 是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that) 子句 例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 5. … 是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that) 子句 例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. … 无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized 例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为 过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 6. … 无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized 例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为 过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7. 就我的看法 ¸… ；我认为 … In my opinion, … = To my mind, …. = As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that 子句 例︰就我的看法 ¸ 打电动玩具既花费时间也 有害健康。 In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health. 7. 就我的看法 ¸… ；我认为 … In my opinion, … = To my mind, …. = As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that 子句 例︰就我的看法 ¸ 打电动玩具既花费时间也 有害健康。 In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

10. 8. (A) 每个人都知道 … Everyone knows (that) 子句 (B) 就我所知 ¸… As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知 ¸ 下列方法对我帮助很大。 As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me. 8. (A) 每个人都知道 … Everyone knows (that) 子句 (B) 就我所知 ¸… As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知 ¸ 下列方法对我帮助很大。 As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me. 9. 毫无疑问地 ¸… There is no doubt (that) 子句 例︰毫无疑问地 ¸ 近视在我国的年轻人中是 一个严重的问题。 There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country. 9. 毫无疑问地 ¸… There is no doubt (that) 子句 例︰毫无疑问地 ¸ 近视在我国的年轻人中是 一个严重的问题。 There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country. 10. 根据我个人经验 ¸… According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, … 例︰根据我个人经验 ¸ 微笑已带给我许多好 处。 According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good. 10. 根据我个人经验 ¸… According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, … 例︰根据我个人经验 ¸ 微笑已带给我许多好 处。 According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.

11. Some tips in making a summary Concentrate on the main points within a text. Concentrate on the main points within a text. Correctly report the original idea. Correctly report the original idea. Not include you own opinions or extra information. Not include you own opinions or extra information. Not include details of secondary importance. Not include details of secondary importance. Use your own words in presenting information. Use your own words in presenting information.

12. Examples of Compression  His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.  The account the witness gave of the incident made everyone that heard it laugh.  They acted in a manner that rendered them liable to prosecution.  John fell into the river and, before help could reach him, he sank.  He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.

13. The five sentences above can be compressed respectively as follows :  He was very brave in battle.  The witness’s story was absurd/ridiculous.  They acted illegally.  John was drowned in the river.  He was in financial difficulties.

14. We make also make phrases do the work of clauses or sentences. E.g.: Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on those mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on those mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.

15. These two sentences may be abridged in this way: Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better communication. Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better communication.

16. Use general words instead of specific words. E.g.: She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Times and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Times and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. This may be turned into: This may be turned into: She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation. She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.