2. Slide 2  Characterize the major functions of the immune system.  List examples of inappropriate responses of the immune system.  Explain the difference between natural and acquired immunity.

3. Slide 3  Describe the guidelines for universal precautions and infection control.  Explain the destructive mechanisms in autoimmune diseases. SLE, RA  Describe the symptoms and signs of pernicious anemia. Name the primary treatment.  Describe the pathology and diagnostic criteria.

4. Slide 4  Functional components of the immune system:  lymphoid tissue  Primary – thymus, bone marrow  secondary – tonsils, adenoids, spleen, Peyer patches, appendix  lymphocytes  antibodies  macrophages Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

5. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 T cell and B cell Formation B cells are coated with immunoglobulins : give them the ability to recognize that foreign proteins and stimulate an antigen-antibody reaction. The immunoglobulins are usually all present during an immune response, but in varying amounts depending on the specific antigen involved and the overall health of the person.

6.  Both T and B cells have common fetal origins but then their development continues in different tissues, thymus vs. bone marrow.  ___________

7. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7  Major functions of the immune system:  Protect the body against foreign organisms  Maintain homeostasis by eliminating damaged cells (phagocytosis)  Recognize and guard against abnormal cells (inflammatory response)

8. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8  Inappropriate responses of the immune system:  Hyperactive (allergic) – excessive response  Immunodeficient (e.g., AIDS) – inadequate response  Autoimmune (e.g., SLE) – misdirected response  Transplant rejection – attack to beneficial foreign tissues

9. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9

10. Slide 10  B cell deficiency : Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections  T cell deficiency:Increased susceptibility to viral, fungal, and protozoan infections,  TRUE OR FALSE:  HIV attacks helper T lymphocytes  ____________

11. Slide 11  Lymphocytes and antibodies: sensitized to develop against the body’s own organs or tissues.  Triggers: disease, injury, metabolic changes, or mutation in immunologically competent cells.  May also be caused by certain drugs or chemicals, trauma, or viral infection.

12.  1. hematopoietic disorders (e.g.neutropenia)  2. Renal disorders ( Goodpasture’s syndrome)  3. Connective tissue diseases  SLE  Scleroderma  Sjogren syndrome  Rheumatoid arthritis  Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis  Ankylosing spondylitis  Polymyositis

13. Slide 13 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)  Inflammation of skin, joints, nervous system, kidneys, lungs, and other organs.  Butterfly rash across face may be present.  Other rashes may appear on other exposed skin areas.

14. Slide 14  Butterfly face rash  Alopecia  Photosensitivity  Raynaud’s phenomenon  Thrombocytopenia  Discoid skin lesion  Nasopharyngeal ulceration  Polyarthritis  Pleuritis or pericarditis  Protein or casts in the urine  Hemolytic anemia  False-positive serology  Abnormal blood antibodies  LE cells (leukocytes) present in lab testing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

15. Slide 15  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)  Chronic, inflammation and edema of the synovial membranes surrounding joints.  Destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone.  May produce weight loss, fever, and malaise.  Joint pain and stiffness, especially in morning.  Bilateral joint tenderness, edema, erythema, warmth.

17. Possibly viruses, bacteria, fungi The exact cause is unknown Maybe even cigarette smoking

19. Aspirin Ibuprofen Naproxen

21. Slide 21 Ankylosing spondylitis  Inflammation and ossification of the joints leading to decreased range of motion and spinal bone fusion.  Sacroiliac spine area is usually affected first and results in recurring low back pain and morning stiffness.  History may include inflammatory bowel disease, heel pain, and family incidence of arthritic conditions

22. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22  Multiple sclerosis (MS)  Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.  Demyelination of nerves occurs in the brain and spinal cord.  Signs and symptoms are primarily neurologic and related to areas of myelin destruction.

23. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Myasthenia gravis (MG)  Chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder.  Autoantibodies produced to acetylcholine receptor in muscle cells.  Ineffective nerve-muscle junction results in severe weakness, difficulty talking and swallowing, drooping eyelids and diplopia.

24. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24  Vasculitis  Inflammation in the walls of blood vessels that may lead to necrosis, thrombus formation, and local infarct  Can be classified as small vessel or systemic; affecting medium and large arteries

27. Slide 27 Universal Precautions  Thorough and frequent hand washing.  Personal protective equipment worn as required by specific task (e.g. gloves, gown, goggles, mask).  Proper disposal of all sharps in designated biohazard containers.  No needle recap prior to disposal.  Caution in handling of laboratory specimens.  Proper containment and disinfection of blood and body fluid spills.  Use clean mouthpieces and resuscitation bags.