1. Final Exam Review, Pt. 3 Chapters 5 & 6

2. MEMORY The ability to store and retrieve information over time.

3. Information Processing Theory The mind is similar to a computer with input, processing, and output. Encoding Process of putting information into memory Storage Physical memory connections in the brain Retrieval Finding & taking information out of memory

4. Stages of Memory * Sensory memory * Brief storage of sensory information Iconic (visual) and Echoic (auditory) Short term memory (STM) * Small amounts of memory (5-9 bits) Less than 1 minute (20-30 sec) Working Memory – memory processes used in STM Long Term Memory * Storage of information, Unlimited capacity

5. Long Term Memory * A. Explicit (Declarative) Memory * Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered. 1. Episodic Memory * First hand experience (e.g. first date) 2. Semantic Memory * Facts and concepts (e.g. presidents) B. Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory * Experience (procedural) e.g. riding a bike, using a keyboard, swimming

6. Measuring Long Term Memory * Recall * Free recall – e.g. essay test (Discuss Thorndike’s theory) Cued Recall – e.g. fill in the blank questions (Thorndike proposed the law of _____). Recognition * Remembering previously seen information E.g. Multiple choice tests (Thorndike proposed the law of a. effect b. behavior c. consequences d. averages)

7. Causes of Forgetting Encoding failure Information not stored properly; can’t find it Decay Theory Applies to STM, not LTM Interference - similar memories (new or old) block retrieval of a memory Motivated Forgetting - Inability to encode or retrieve memories due to anxiety. Retrieval Failure * Inability to bring information into working memory

8. Using Memory Reconstructive Memory Memory is stored in pieces, and later put back together, using past & present information, emotions, beliefs, and bias – making memory inaccurate May contain untrue details or omit true items Schemas = Patterns of knowledge to help organize information.

9. Techniques to Improve Memory Chunking Remembering sets or groups. Increases capacity. Elaborative encoding Relate to another memory when encoding. Elaborative rehearsal – Organizing material in a meaningful way (Organization) Study by finding examples Build on concepts Relate to other knowledge Add meaning to definitions

10. More Ways to Improve Memory Mnemonic Devices * Memory aids, e.g., rhymes, songs, images, Method of Loci Overlearning * Keep studying Spacing * Distributed better than massed practice; don’t cram the night before test

11. Chapter 6 Lifespan Development

12. Research on Development Cross Sectional Research * Compares people of different ages at one time. Longitudinal Research * Follow the same individual or group over a long period of time Compare the variable of interest at different times

13. Prenatal Development 1. Germinal Period - Zygote (fertilized egg) Conception – Implantation; First 10-14 days 2. Embryo - 2-8 weeks Major internal and external organs develop Amniotic sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord 3. Fetus - 9 wks (less than one ounce) to birth (6-8 pounds); Growth and maturation of organs Senses and preferences

14. Problems During Prenatal Development Teratogens * Harmful material affecting development Drugs, alcohol, toxins, viruses, smoking Can affect physical, behavioral, and mental development. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Physical abnormalities, retardation

15. Infancy and Early Childhood Contact Comfort * (Harlow) The infant’s need for physical contact Attachment * Infant’s need to be with caregiver Built on contact comfort Stranger Anxiety * Fear of unknown people; 5/6 mo, lessens at 12 mo Separation Anxiety * Fear of being left by caregiver; 8mo – 30mo.

16. Patterns of Attachment Strange Situation Test – Secure Attachment * 60%; explores room; cries when mother leaves; Goes to mother and is comforted when she returns Avoidant Attachment * don’t explore, avoid or ignore mother Disorganized (anxious)* No consistent method of coping

17. Theories of Gender Role Development Sex (biology) Gender (Culture) Gender Roles (Expectations) Social Learning Theory * Modeling; Media Reinforcement for gender appropriate behaviors Punishment when not appropriate behavior Gender Schema Theory * Gender is an important category Child seeks information Child develops expectations for gender roles.

18. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development schemas frameworks of knowledge in long-term memory assimilation schemas allow understanding of new experiences or situations Situations or experiences accommodation schemas change in response to new experiences or situations

19. Piaget’s Stages StageAge RangeDescription Accomplishes Sensorimotor 0-2 years Experiences world Through senses Object Permanence Preoperational 2-7 yearsEgocentrism symbolic thought; mental images Theory of mind; Language Concrete Operational 7-11 years Logical Thinking; Real World Skills Conservation Formal Operational 11-adult Scientific reasoning Abstract logic

20. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages 1.Trust v. Mistrust – Infant; hope, security 2.Autonomy v. Shame,Doubt – toddler; control, will 3.Initiative v. Guilt – 3-6y; assertiveness, purpose 4.Industry v. Inferiority – 6-12y; competence 5.Identity v. Role Confusion – teen; “Who am I?” 6.Intimacy v. Isolation – young adult; love 7.Generativity v. Stagnation – mid-adult; care and contributions to next generation 8.Ego Integrity v. Despair – old age; reflection on a good life

21. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles * Authoritarian * Strict rules, punish to control Kids unhappy, rebellious or depressed. Permissive* (2 kinds) a) Negligent – ignore kids: kids wild, confused, b) Loving –spoiled, lack boundaries Authoritative * Supportive; caring,respectful; clear expectations Kids more mature, successful

22. Kohlberg’s Levels and Stages of Moral Development I.Level 1 – Preconventional Stage 1 – Punishment & Obedience Stage 2 – Rewards and Self Interest II.Level 2 – Conventional Stage 1 – Social Approval Stage 2 – Social Norms or Laws III.Level 3 – Post Conventional Stage 1 – Social Contracts Stage 2 – Universal Ethical Principles

23. Alzheimer’s Disease * One form of dementia Physical, mental, emotional, social effects Gradual deterioration of memory, personality Possible causes, inc. genetics, environment, diet, inflammation in brain. Amyloid plaques; tau proteins, tangles