1. 11 Nov 2005HI@LHC J. Schukraft1 Future of Heavy Ions@LHC SPS/RHIC programs SPS/RHIC programs Initial LHC Program Initial LHC Program  2008 - ~ 2017 Long Term Options Long Term Options  > 2017

2. 11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 2 History AGS (1986 - 1998)   Beam: E lab < 15 GeV/N,  s ~ 4 GeV/N   Users: 400 Experiments: 4 big, several small SPS(1986 - 2003)   Light Ions(O, S) : 1986 – 1992 Heavy Ions (In, Pb): 1994 - 2003   Beam: E lab =40, 80, 160, 200 GeV/N,  s < 20 GeV/N   Users: 600Experiments: 6-7 big, several small, 3 ‘generations’ RHIC I(2001 – 2012 ?)   Beam:  s < 200 GeV/N   Users: 1000   Experiments: 2 big, 2 small

3. Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 3 Delivered Luminosity (Physics Weeks) Summary of RHIC Runs 1-5 3 runs Au-Au 1 run d-Au 1 run Cu-Cu Energies: 22, 62, 130, 200 GeV 2006: pp (spin) physics

4. Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 4 RHIC – a Uniquely Flexible High Luminosity Collider (Nucleon-pair luminosity A 1 A 2 L allows comparison of different species) Luminosity increased by 2 orders of magnitude in 4 years. RHIC nucleon-pair luminosity delivered to PHENIX

5. Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 5 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 TOF and VTX construction; Muon trigger + “Small” upgrades: HBD, FMS, DAQ STAR HFT & PHENIX FVTX Next Generation Detector Upgrades STAR Forward/Inner Tracker System PHENIX Inner Tracker and Nosecone Cal Other approaches? RHIC Accelerator & Detector R&D LHC Heavy Ion Program EBIS construction RHIC II: construction operation Strawman schedule: depends on funding (TBD)* Near and mid term: 2006-2012 Machine improvements, modest L upgrade Many detector upgrades R&D for RHIC II (eRHIC)

6. Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 6 Upgrades High T QCD…. QGP SpinLow-x PHENIX e+e- heavy jet quarkonia flavor tomog. flavor tomog. W ΔG/G Hadron blind detector Vertex Tracker Muon Trigger Forward cal. (NCC) X X X O O O O O O O XXOOX STAR Time of Flight (TOF) MicroVtx (HFT) Forward Tracker Forward Cal (FMS) DAQ 1000 O X O O X O X X X X O O X X O X X X O O O O XO RHIC Luminosity O O X X O O O X upgrade critical for success O upgrade significantly enhances program A. Drees RHIC Upgrade: overview

7. Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 7 Long term: 2013-2020 ► eRHIC  Added e+A and polarized e+p capabilities  New detector, augmented user community  A+A, p+A, polarized p+p still available  Construction possible 2012-2014 ► eRHIC  Added e+A and polarized e+p capabilities  New detector, augmented user community  A+A, p+A, polarized p+p still available  Construction possible 2012-2014 RHIC II Luminosity ~ 10 x current L (40 x design L)

8. 11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 8 ALICE Baseline program expect ~ 10 year ‘baseline’ program 2008 – 2017 expect ~ 10 year ‘baseline’ program 2008 – 2017  pp: after few years diminishing return in terms of running time statistics  HI: 3 D phase space to cover: statistics – beam type – beam energy first 5 years first 5 years  initial Pb-Pb run in 2008 (1/20 th design L, i.e. ~ 5 x 10 25 )  2 Pb-Pb runs (medium -> design Luminosity L ~ 10 27 ), integrate ~ 1nb -1  1 p A run (measure cold nuclear matter effects, e.g. shadowing)  1 low mass ion run (energy density & volume dependence)  continuous running with pp (comparison data, some genuine pp physics) following ~ 5 years following ~ 5 years  program and priorities to be decided based on results  lower energies (energy dependence, thresholds, RHIC, pp at 5.5 TeV)  additional AA & pA combinations  increased statistics  expect modest detector modifications & upgrades  discussion has started, R&D to follow after 2007, decisions ~ 2009

9. 11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 9 ALICE on the medium term finish baseline detector by ~ 2010 finish baseline detector by ~ 2010  PHOS and TRD have ‘late funding’, expected to be complete by 2009/2010 new jet calorimeter (very important for jet-quenching) new jet calorimeter (very important for jet-quenching)  US project, approved by DOE (CD-1 level) and LHCC  to be installed by 2010 (very aggressive schedule) Other ideas for > 2010 Other ideas for > 2010  PID for pt 5 – 20 GeV (based on RHIC results)  2 nd generation vertex detector (smaller beampipe) -> improve heavy quark physics  detectors for forward physics (low-x on pA and AA)  improved DAQ & HLT (more sophisticated and selective triggers)  increased rate capability of TPC (faster gas, increased R/O speed) ALICE pp running ALICE pp running  expect to collect the needed pp statistics early (order 5 years ?)  exceptions:  setting-up period prior to HI running (order few weeks every year)  some comparison data with new detectors (several weeks spread over several years ??)

10. 11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 10 Long Term Prospects Impossible to predict before first LHC results … Impossible to predict before first LHC results … Possible directions Possible directions  increased energy: Unlikely  need at least factor of 10; energy density  ~ ln (√s)  currently no physics justification (  sufficient, hard probes abundant at LHC)  however, I may be wrong…  increased luminosity: Quite likely  some signals at LHC severely statistics limited (eg Y production,  -jets correlations)  factor 4-5 may be possible, but by no means trivial  factor > 10 very challenging & expensive (eg electron cooling ?)  better detector  as the physics requires….  change of direction  electron-nucleus scattering (eRHIC, eLHC?), high nuclear density (FAIR),.. ???

11. 11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 11 HI Luminosity increase LHC Pb design Lumi LHC Pb design Lumi  design L = 10 27 cm -2 s -1, ~ 0.3 – 0.5 L max (depends also on # expts)  ALICE assumption: integrated L/year(10 6 s) ~ 0.5 nb -1  design L close to several LHC limitations => could be optimistic !!! Examples for statistics limited Signals Examples for statistics limited Signals  Y suppressions:  order 7000 Y, 1000 Y’’ per standard year in ALICE  NA60: order 10 5 or more J/Psi !!!   -jet correlations (‘golden channel’ to study jet quenching)  order 1000  -jet events/year with p t > 30 GeV  need order 10 4 for fragmentation functions at high z (most sensitive to quenching) Detector modifications to benefit from increase L Detector modifications to benefit from increase L  current limitation is TPC (pile-up, possibly space charge)  TPC designed for up to dN ch /dy = 8000, expectation is more like 2000 – 4000  significant rate increase possible (faster gas, accept pile-up for high p t physics)  muon spectrometer needs no modifications 3 – 4 years running at 4-5 x design L would give the needed order of magnitude increase in statistics !!

12. 6/2006 Los Alamos J. Schukraft 12 Quarkonia ->  Statistics for 0.5 nb -1 - -J/  : excellent - -  ’: marginal - - Y: ok (7000) - - Y’: low (2000) - - Y’’: very low (1000) Normalization on open b B -> J/  + X

13. 11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 13 Quarkonia Suppression New results indicate that J/Psi may not be suppressed at RHIC (or SPS)  Y may not melt even at LHC !  J/Psi, Y’ and Y’’ are more important than anticipated => need for more Luminosity  > 10 4 Y’ (Y’’) would require > 5(10) years at 0.5nb -1 /year at LHC J/Psi statistics ~ 30 k for NA60 J/Psi statistics ~ few 1000 for PHENIX

14. 11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 14 Summary ALICE Baseline program 2008 to at least 2017 ALICE Baseline program 2008 to at least 2017  emphasis will be on Pb-Pb at highest energy to collect ~ 1-2 nb -1 (>3 high L runs ?)  we need at least 10 years to collect sufficient statistics and investigate a minimum of different AA and pA combinations, at least two different energies (incl pp at 5.5 TeV)  we need to run about 5 full years with pp at 14 TeV  we need few weeks/year pp running after that  we expect to have some smaller detector upgrades > 2010 LHC Luminosity upgrade to order 5x10 27 cm -2 s -1 LHC Luminosity upgrade to order 5x10 27 cm -2 s -1  factor 5 to 10 above ‘baseline’, depending on ‘current LHC’ limitations  could come as early as possible (eg together with ‘super LHC’)  significant physics benefits for hard probes  ALICE detector should be able to run with some ‘modest’ upgrades