1. Why do we study POPULATION? H. J. deBlij

2. To try and make sense of this?

3. To try and avoid this?

5. Where in the World Do People Live and Why? Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

6. Where in the World Do People Live and Why? Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

7. Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)

9. Major World Population Clusters A. East Asia: ¼ of world population B. South Asia: Bound by the Himalayas to the north and a desert in Pakistan C. Europe: Population concentrated in cities D. North America: Megalopolis

10. On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people Population distribution Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live A B C

11. On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people Population distribution Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live D

12. Number of years for a population to double in size (like a bank deposit at compound interest) Decreased doubling time (rapid growth), then increased doubling time (growth slowed down) Doubling Time Doubling time = 45 years Doubling time = 54 years

13. Difference between births and deaths Does not include immigration and emigration Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

14. Difference between births and deaths Does not include immigration and emigration Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

15. The average number of children per woman TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

16. The average number of children per woman TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

17. Population Growth in India Significant demographic variations within countries: Higher growth rates in northeastern India, Lower rates in southeastern India

19. Population in India 1950s: Population planning program 1960s: National population planning program 1970s: Beginning of forced sterilization program for men with 3 or more children; 22.5 million men sterilized 2004: Beginning of guns-for-sterilization program in Uttar Pradesh Today: Use of advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates in most states

20. The Demographic Transition Changes in birth, death, and natural increase rates Decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, resulting in a low or stable growth rate

21. Number of births in a year per 1,000 people World Birth Rates

22. Number of births in a year per 1,000 people World Birth Rates

23. Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people World Death (Mortality) Rates

24. Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people World Death (Mortality) Rates

25. The Demographic Transition

26. Why Does Population Composition Matter? Components of population composition – Gender distribution – Age distribution Population pyramid: Graphic depiction of population by percentage in each age group, divided by gender

27. High infant mortality Short life expectancy Rapid population growth Population Pyramids for Poor Countries

28. Low infant mortality Long life expectancy, especially for females Little or no growth, even natural decrease Population Pyramids for Wealthy Countries

29. Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year World Infant Mortality

30. Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year

31. Infant Mortality in the United States

32. World Life Expectancy Number of years a person born now can expect to live

33. World Life Expectancy Number of years a person born now can expect to live

34. Diseases Sources of diseases –Infectious diseases: Spread from person to person Spread of diseases –Endemic: Present in small area –Epidemic: Spreads over large region –Pandemic: Spreads worldwide

35. Causes of Death in the United States Chronic diseases reflecting longer life expectances Decline in deaths from infectious diseases

36. How Do Governments Affect Population Change? Expansive population policies –Anti-capitalist ideologies (e.g., Maoist China, Soviet Union) –Combating declining birth rates, aging populations (e.g., Europe) Eugenic population policies (e.g., Nazi Germany) Restrictive population policies

37. The Case of China

40. MIGRATION

41. What Is Migration? Migration: A change in residence intended to be permanent Movement –Cyclic movement: Movement away from home for a short period Commuting Seasonal movement Nomadism –Periodic movement: Movement away from home for a longer period. Migrant labor Transhumance Military service

42. International migration: Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence)

43. Internal migration: Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence)

44. Why Do People Migrate? Forced migration: Movers have no choice but to relocate

45. Kinds of Voluntary Migration Step migration: When a migrant follows a series of stages, or steps, toward a final destination. Intervening opportunity : At one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there Chain migration: Further migration to a place where friends or relatives have already settled

46. Voluntary Migration Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide –Whether to move –Where to go Distance decay: Many migrants settle closer to their old home than they originally contemplate

47. Push and Pull Factors Legal status Economic conditions Power relationships Political circumstances Armed conflict and civil war Environmental conditions Culture and traditions Technological advances

48. Push and Pull Factors

49. Where Do People Migrate? Influences on major global migration flows from 1550– 1950 –Exploration –Colonization –The Atlantic slave trade Impacts –Places migrants leave –Places to which migrants go –Originally from Europe, now from Latin America & Asia

50. Major Global Migration Flows (before 1950)

51. Regional Migration Flows Migration to neighboring countries  For short term economic opportunities  To reconnect with cultural groups across borders  To flee political conflict or war Islands of development: Places where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated

52. Migration for Economic Opportunity Chinese migration in late 1800s and 1900s throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance

53. Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then- Palestine between 1900 and 1948 Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine) Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups

54. 2015 – Europe Migrant Crisis Immigrants escaping war and poverty in the Middle East and Northern Africa.

56. 2015 – Europe Migrant Crisis

57. Walking the land route through Turkey, Greece and the Balkan Peninsula

58. Hungary/Serbia Border – 110 miles

59. Guest Workers Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides  Have short term work visas  Send remittances to home country

60. How Do Governments Affect Migration? Immigration laws U.S. history –Little restriction –Quotas by nationality –Selective immigration