1. RUSSIA 2016

2. RUSSIA WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER? World’s largest country Capital- Moscow 1/3 of Russia is in Europe 2/3 of Russia is in Asia Major ethnic group – Slavs/ Slavic

3. WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER? VIKINGS “INVADED” Established area of control around Kiev Mongols invaded – controlled Russia for about 200 years No Commercial Revolution…TOWNS …MC No Renaissance

4. Russians around Moscow able to drive out Mongol control Led by Ivan the Great Ivan the Terrible was terrible Time of Troubles New czar- Michael Romanov

5. DO YOU REMEMBER?? Peter the Great?? Attempted to modernize Russia Visited Western Europe Expanded Army and created Navy New capital- St. Petersburg- on Baltic A “WINDOW ON THE WEST” AKA EUROPEANIZATION OF RUSSIA’ Brought in skilled workers Changed customs- BEARDS GONE ON GUYS AND WOMEN ALLOWED AT COURT

6. WON the Great Northern War against Sweden Nobles called Boyars Most of Peter’s rule spent in war BUT… MORE EDUCATION, NOBLES HAD TO SERVE IN GOVERNMENT OR MILITARY PEASANT LIFE STILL MISERABLE

7. 1800’S Decembrist Revolt- officers tried to introduce ideas of French Revolution FAILED RUSSIA HAS HAD A HISTORY OF REFORM AND REPRESSION… EVEN UNTIL TODAY

8. Tsar Nicholas I 1825-1855 Tried to keep Western ideas out Divine right and police state No representative assembly Education limited Relied on advice from military

9. CRIMEAN WAR WHERE IS THE CRIMEA? IN THE BLACK SEA WHEN WAS WAR FOUGHT? 1853-1856 WHY WAS WAR FOUGHT? RUSSIA FOUGHT GB AND FRANCE FOR CONTROL OF PARTS OF CRUMBLING OTTOMAN EMPIRE

10. RUSSIA LOST THE WAR- DAMAGED REPUTATION OF TSAR AND MILITARY

11. “modern war” Telegraph Use of railroads Trenches Minnie ball –rifling barrels Artillery Florence Nightingale

12. LOSS OF CRIMEAN WAR WAS A WAKE – UP CALL FOR LEADERS “WE NEED TO MODERNIZE” (army made up of uneducated and unskilled) MEANING- changes that enable a country to compete effectively with leading countries

13. 1850’s Russia was agrarian with growing population 90% worked the land; no real middle class Serfdom still basic system ALEXANDER II – 1861 – FREED THE SERFS Necessary for military and economic advancement Serfs GOT LAND BUT PAID HIGH TAXES OWNED LAND AS A GROUP

14. Alexander II ?perhaps the greatest reform minded Tsar?

15. 1864- LOCAL ASSEMBLIES CREATED ZEMSTVO MEMBERS WERE ELECTED DEALT WITH LOCAL PROBLEMS REFORM OF LEGAL SYSTEM AND THERE WAS EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW CENSORSHIP WAS RELAXED JEWS EVEN HAD MORE FREEDOM

16. Modeled justice system on Brits Built Railroads – resulted in growth of area around St.Petersburg and Moscow More food for more people- why? Rr

17. ALEXANDER II THE “CZAR EMANCIPATOR” ALSO TRIED TO -RELAX RESTRICTIONS ON PEOPLES WITHIN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE BUT… CAUSED MORE NATIONALISM AND REBELLIONS FOR INDEPENDENCE HOW DOES CZAR RESPOND? CZAR GAVE UP IDEAS OF REFORM AND RETURNED TO REPRESSION

18. AND … 1881- CZAR “EMANCIPATOR” WAS FINALLY ASSASSINATED BY NATIONALISTS… Anarchist- 2 hand thrown bombs On day decree giving zemstvos more power ( had wanted a national assembly) what might of happened if Alexander II had not be knocked off HARD TO SAY

19. Alexander III

20. Important AUTOCRACY- one ruler ORTHODOXY- one religion – Russian Orthodox RUSSIFICATION –one culture ( and, encouraged Anti-Semitism )

21. New Czar Alexander III – reactionary But IMPORTANT PERSON WAS THE MINISTER OF FINANCE – SERGIE WITTE WITTE- saw Russia’s industrial backwardness as a threat to the Empire WITTE: Doubled the number of railroads, high protective tariffs … Witte was inspired by Friedrich List

22. WITTE Brought in foreign capital and technology to invest in Russia “ By 1900, only USA, G, GB produced more steel than Russia” and “refining half of the world’s oil” But… industrialization did not help the peasants

23. BUT STUPIDLY RUSSIA GETS GREEDY AND TRIES TO EXPAND ITS POWER IN THE EAST Manchuria and Korea but who else believed that M and K were areas they might like to take control of??? JAPAN AH!

24. JAPAN LAUNCHES A SURPRISE ATTACK ON RUSSIA FORCES In the northern pacific… Russo- Japanese War ( 1904-1905) Russia lost … humiliation! Loss of war causes trouble at home Workers, nationalists, liberals… all wanted change

25. Revolution of 1905 Crowd of workers and families march on palace in St. Petersburg Led by a priest, Fr. Gapon- wanted to present a petition to the Tsar Massacred by troops aka BLOODY SUNDAY All h breaks out … uprisings and strikes

26. Government and Tsar Nicholas II give in and issue THE OCTOBER MANIFESTO a) new constitution- the Fundamental Laws b) a legislature- The DUMA ( Tsar had veto power)

27. But Tsar dismisses the DUMA in 1907 TSAR REGAINS FULL POWER…. Workers, peasants and nationalists not happy NEW ECONOMIC MINISTER STOLYPIN INITIATES AGRICULTURAL REFORMS… TROUBLE SUBSIDES UNTIL …. WW I