1. The Treaty of Versailles
The Who’s and What’s

2. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919

3. Germany's defeat, 11 November 1918
With the failure of the Ludendorf Offensive, and with the exhausted state of Germany, the German generals recognised that it was time to sue for peace with the Allies. The Kaiser was forced to abdicate on the 8th November and a new democratic republic was established.
But how would the Allies deal with a defeated Germany?

4. KAISER WILHELM ii AND IMPERIAL GERMANY
On 8th November 1918, Imperial Germany came to an end when a democratic republic was established. Though it was intended to have Wilhelm tried as a ‘war criminal’ he was eventually allowed to spend the rest of his life in exile in the Netherlands. He died in 1941.

5. David Lloyd-George [Great Britain]
Woodrow Wilson [USA]
Orlando [Italy]
Georges Clemenceau [France]

6. The Big Four at the Paris Peace Talks (1919)
Woodrow Wilson - President, United States
Georges Clemenseau - Premier of France
David Lloyd George - Prime Minister of Britain
Vittorio Orlando – Foreign Minister of Italy

7. Woodrow Wilson Idealist - thought WWI would be “war to end all wars”
Fourteen Points (plan for lasting peace)
Open Diplomacy (no secret treaties)
Reduce military sizes
Self-determination
League of Nations

8. Compare and Contrast What were the four main causes of World War 1?
What did Wilson say he wanted in his 14 points?

9. Georges Clemenseau France had been destroyed in WWI
wanted protection from further Germany attacks
get rid of German military
make Germany pay for war

10. David Lloyd George Most afraid of German u-boats
wanted to get rid of German navy
wanted German colonies
wanted to get paid for losses

11. Comparison/Contrast
France’s Demand Britain’s Demands

12. Vittorio Orlando
Italy entered war because of promise of cities in Austria.
Was given Tryrol and Trieste
demanded more but when others refused he walked out.
The Big Four became the Big Three

13. Treaty of Versailles
1919 Weimar Republic, German democratic government, was forced to sign it.

14. Issues of Peace Everyone had their own “payback agenda”
Germany not invited
Principles were compromised to gain peace
Wilson’s 14 points
Self-Determination; Territory
France’s security
U.S Senate did NOT Ratify (agree to) treaty
Means it is not law in the U.S

15. 1914--------------------1919

16. The map of Europe was redrawn
The Great War was to see the collapse of four continental empires. These were to be replaced by new nation states.

19. War Reparations $5 billion within 2 years
$28 billion (after the damages were tallied)
Final: ~$40 Billion

20. German military
100,000 soldiers
6 warships
no planes
no submarines

21. War Guilt Clause Germany was the blame for starting the war.
The most hated part of the treaty.
Did Germany actually cause this?

22. Legacy Idealism and Liberalism are shattered
Idea that government serves the people
No government intervention
Because Governments gain so much power
Speech laws, economic laws, etc.
New Countries
New Hatreds

23. A British newspaper cartoon, by David Low.
Source 1:
A British newspaper cartoon, by David Low.
SOURCE WORK: 1) First, describe the storyline shown in the cartoon. 2) Then, relate the political message intended by the cartoonist – what does the horse represent, what does the cart represent, why is it stuck in the air, who are the two men, why is one carrying a whip and one a shovel – what is the political message ?
What does the horse represent?
Why is Briand holding a whip?
What is this referring to?
Briand, French Prime Minister
Why is the cart up-ended?
‘Perhaps it would gee-up better if we let it touch earth.’
Why is a shovel left here?
Lloyd-George, British Prime Minister
Why is Lloyd-George holding a shovel?
What is meant by the caption?

24. ‘Punch’ was Britain’s main political magazine of the period.
Source 2:
Describe the scene shown, what is the storyline?
Then, assess the individual features in the cartoon.
Then, identify the political message intended by the cartoonist.
‘Punch’ was Britain’s main political magazine of the period.
Why the candle ‘snuffer’? What political message does it represent?
What does the ‘Angel’ represent?
What does the candle represent?
What is the general political message of the cartoon?

25. Source 3: What is the political message of this cartoon?
Describe the scene shown, what is the storyline?
Then, assess the individual features in the cartoon.
Then, identify the political message intended by the cartoonist.
What is being represented by the ‘hand’?
What does the plank represent
‘Who’ / or, ‘what’ is the man representing?
THE FINISHING TOUCH

26. Source 4 HOW USEFUL IS THIS SOURCE AS HISTORICAL EVIDENCE:
i. What do we learn from it about the period being studied?
ii. How reliable is this source?
Source 4
Describe the condition of the room in which this family is living?
How is the child shown? Why?
Look at the caption, what is its political message?
How reliable is this source?

27. Source 6 HOW USEFUL IS THIS SOURCE AS HISTORICAL EVIDENCE:
i. What do we learn from it about the period being studied?
ii. How reliable is this source?
Name the people emerging from the building.
What does the building represent?
Why is the ‘child’ weeping, and what is meant by ‘1940’?
What is meant by this comment?

28. Vengeance! German Nation Source 5:
Today in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles the disgraceful Treaty is being signed. Do not forget it! The German people will with unceasing labour press forward to reconquer the place among nations to which it is entitled. Then will come the vengeance for the shame of 1919.
From the ‘Deutsche Zeitung’ [‘The German Express’] newspaper.
Source 5:
Source 7:
Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for the dead.
By Adolf Hitler, who had served in the army and became a future leader of Germany

29. Mandate system
Mandates - colonies of former Central Powers to be given to Allied nations
To be given their independence sometime in future (NOT)
From Ottoman Empire:
Syria (France)
Egypt and Palestine (Britain)

30. Issues of Treaties – Issue #1
Weak League of Nations
President Wilson knew treaty had bad ideas in it. Made this organization.
Problems
U.S did not join because Senate did not ratify
No agreement on when to use force to stop aggression

31. Issues of Treaties # 2 French Demands
French wanted strict enforcement of TOV
Focused on reparations
Germany owed 33 Billion dollars
Germany after its 1st payment in 1921, could not sustain this
French furious, take over Ruhr Valley and German factories to pay it off.

32. Effects of Treaty - Germany
Inflation was a huge problem
German government printed money to pay for things, which caused prices to rise (inflation) even further
Example: by 11/1923, 1 Dollar = 4.2 TRILLION marks
Example: (Story)
This lead to huge political problems, which caused France and Germany to look for a way out

33. Insert – The Dawes Plan American plan to fix Germany
Step 1: Reduce the amount owed
Step 2: amount to repay = amount able to pay
Step 3: Loan of $200 million dollars
Step 4: American investment opens up
Prosperity from 1924 until 1929

35. Treaty of Locarno & Kellogg-Briand Pact
Lead to a False sense of security
Agreement between Germany & France about Germany’s borders
Viewed as a new era of “peace” across the world
K-B Pact:
63 countries sign and “Ban war as an instrument of national policy”

37. The Great Depression Causes: Examples:
Economies across the world started to slow down
Overproduction from the policies created for WWI
U.S Stock Market crashed
[illustrate]
Examples:
40% of Germans unemployed
25% of Americans

39. Responses to Great Depression
Government begins to get more involved
Ideas to cut taxes and raise tariffs only make the situation much worse
Renewed interest in radical ideas
Marxism and Socialism
The people begin to believe anyone who offers a simple solution
Result = dictators like Hitler and Mussolini

40. The States After War Germany is the Weimar Republic:
Weak, leaderless, and have seriously bad economic problems
People lost everything financially, especially government workers
Fear spread and people became desperate after 1930
France
Becomes strongest power and more balanced economics
Great Depression hits in 1932
New government creates French New Deal
Collective Bargaining
Fail to fix major problems and French loose confidence in 1938