1. The Reformation

2. What made Protestants different from Catholics? What made Protestants different from Catholics? What were some of the differences among Protestants? What were some of the differences among Protestants? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformation today? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformation today?

5. Launching the Reformation The Late Medieval Church The Late Medieval Church Reputation for Corruption Reputation for Corruption “Worldly” popes and clergy “Worldly” popes and clergy “Ignorance” “Ignorance” Yet thriving! Yet thriving!

6. Launching the Reformation Salvation and Authority* Salvation and Authority* Salvation something to “achieve” through “good works” Salvation something to “achieve” through “good works” Authority Authority Sacred Scripture Sacred Scripture Tradition of the Church Tradition of the Church Popes and councils Popes and councils

7. Launching the Reformation Indulgences Indulgences Began as monetary gifts Began as monetary gifts Became means of relaxing penance Became means of relaxing penance “Treasury of Merits” “Treasury of Merits” Indulgence preaching

8. Launching the Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) Martin Luther (1483-1546) Joined Augustinian Order in HRE (1505) after lightning storm Joined Augustinian Order in HRE (1505) after lightning storm Tortured soul as a monk Tortured soul as a monk Ascetic Ascetic Terrified of God’s judgment Terrified of God’s judgment Sent to Wittenberg, Saxony Sent to Wittenberg, Saxony Studied New Testament Studied New Testament Earned doctorate in theology (!512) Earned doctorate in theology (!512)

9. Launching the Reformation Luther’s New Beliefs Luther’s New Beliefs God is righteous, but gracious God is righteous, but gracious Humanity does not deserve grace, but is “given” it Humanity does not deserve grace, but is “given” it “The righteous man shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17) “The righteous man shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17)

10. Launching the Reformation The Indulgence Controversy The Indulgence Controversy Heard about indulgence sales in HRE Heard about indulgence sales in HRE Penned NINETY-FIVE THESES Penned NINETY-FIVE THESES Attacked “abuses” in indulgence sales Attacked “abuses” in indulgence sales Nailed to Castle Church door? Nailed to Castle Church door? Very popular, controversial Very popular, controversial

11. Launching the Reformation Luther the Rebel Luther the Rebel Papal bull drafted (1520): either recant or be excommunicated! Papal bull drafted (1520): either recant or be excommunicated! Luther’s revolutionary ideas Luther’s revolutionary ideas SOLA SCRIPTURA (“Scripture alone”) SOLA SCRIPTURA (“Scripture alone”) SOLA FIDE (“by faith alone”) SOLA FIDE (“by faith alone”) “PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS” “PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS” Two sacraments Two sacraments

12. Launching the Reformation The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) Church and emperor wanted resolution! Church and emperor wanted resolution! Luther given safe conduct Luther given safe conduct Refused to recant: “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…” Refused to recant: “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…” Luther declared an outlaw (May 26, 1521) Luther declared an outlaw (May 26, 1521)

13. Launching the Reformation

14. Questions? Questions?

15. The Reformation Elsewhere John Calvin (1509-1564) John Calvin (1509-1564) Reformer of Geneva Reformer of Geneva Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559) Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559) Major Teachings Major Teachings Majesty of God Majesty of God Depravity of humanity Depravity of humanity Centrality of faith and the Word Centrality of faith and the Word Predestination Predestination

16. The Reformation Elsewhere Geneva under Calvin Geneva under Calvin Had to work with city government Had to work with city government Service of preaching, prayer, singing Service of preaching, prayer, singing Discipline was strictly enforced Discipline was strictly enforced Relief was provided to poor Relief was provided to poor

17. The Reformation Elsewhere The Anabaptists The Anabaptists Radical beliefs Radical beliefs BELIEVER’S BAPTISM BELIEVER’S BAPTISM Hands off for state! Hands off for state! Pacifism Pacifism Outside mainstream of church and society Outside mainstream of church and society Perceived as threat  persecuted Perceived as threat  persecuted

18. The Reformation Elsewhere

20. Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Renaissance prince Loyal Catholic Married Catherine of Aragon (1509)  only one surviving (female) child! The King’s “Great Matter” Henry wanted a divorce (1527) Pope would not grant it Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn

21. The Reformation Elsewhere A Legal Reformation A Legal Reformation Parliament was on board Parliament was on board English ties to Rome severed in 1533 English ties to Rome severed in 1533 The Divorce and Marriage The Divorce and Marriage Marriage to Catherine dissolved Marriage to Catherine dissolved Henry and Anne married (June 1533) Henry and Anne married (June 1533) ACT OF SUPREMACY (1534)  Henry now “Supreme Head of the Church of England” ACT OF SUPREMACY (1534)  Henry now “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

22. The Reformation Elsewhere Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) Succeeded to English throne after Edward VI, Mary I Sympathetic to Protestantism Recognized religious question had to be dealt with! Best method: compromise

23. The Reformation Elsewhere The Elizabethan Religious Settlement The Elizabethan Religious Settlement New Act of Supremacy (1559) Centrist Protestant church Protestant doctrine Traditional in celebration, organization Book of Common Prayer

24. The Reformation Elsewhere Questions? Questions?

25. Early Modern Catholicism The Response of the Roman Church The Response of the Roman Church Protestant Reformation  major loss Protestant Reformation  major loss What next? What next? Church must reform itself Church must reform itself Church must respond to Protestant “heretics” Church must respond to Protestant “heretics”

26. Early Modern Catholicism The Society of Jesus (1540) Founder: Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Offered services to papacy Obedience! Very important missionaries, educators Francis Xavier among Indians

27. Early Modern Catholicism

28. Papal Leadership in Reform Papal Leadership in Reform Some holy popes! Created Roman Inquisition (1542) INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559) Pius V (r. 1566-1572) venerating a crucifix

29. Early Modern Catholicism Council of Trent (1545-1563) Council of Trent (1545-1563) Reform decrees: reformed clergy, diocesan seminaries Reform decrees: reformed clergy, diocesan seminaries Doctrine Doctrine SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION Seven sacraments, transubstantiation Seven sacraments, transubstantiation Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS Bishops expected to implement in dioceses Bishops expected to implement in dioceses

30. Early Modern Catholicism St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City Consecrated 1626 Bernini, St. Peter’s Square (1656-1667)

31. Early Modern Catholicism Questions? Questions?

32. The Reformation

33. What made Protestants different from Catholics? What made Protestants different from Catholics? What were some of the differences among Protestants? What were some of the differences among Protestants? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformation today? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformation today?